hole was nearly full； a skin was laid over the goods； and on this earth was thrown and beaten down； until； with the addition of the sod first removed； the whole was on a level with the ground； and there remained not the slightest appearance of an excavation。 In addition to this； we made another of smaller dimensions； in which we placed all the baggage； some powder； and our blacksmith's tools； having previously repaired such of the tools as we carry with us that require mending。 To guard against accident； we had two parcelss of lead and powder in the two places。 The red pirogue was drawn up on the middle of a small island； at the entrance of Maria's River； and secured； by being fastened to the trees； from the effects of any floods。 We now took another observation of the meridian altitude of the sun； and found that the mean latitude of Maria's River； as deduced from three observations； is 49'0 25' 17。2〃 N。〃
In order to make assurance doubly sure； Captain Lewis resolved to take four men with him and ascend the south branch （that is； the true Missouri）； before committing the expedition to that route as the final one。 His proposition was that his party should proceed up the river as rapidly as possible in advance of the main party。 On the second day out； says the journal：
〃Captain Lewis left the bank of the river in order to avoid the steep ravines； which generally run from the shore to the distance of one or two miles in the plain。 Having reached the open country he went for twelve miles in a course a little to the W。 of S。W。； when； the sun becoming warm by nine o'clock； he returned to the river in quest of water； and to kill something for breakfast； there being no water in the plain； and the buffalo； discovering them before they came within gunshot； took to flight。 They reached the banks in a handsome open low ground with cottonwood； after three miles' walk。 Here they saw two large brown bears； and killed them both at the first firea circumstance which has never before occurred since we have seen that animal。 Having made a meal of a part； and hung the remainder on a tree； with a note for Captain Clark； they again ascended the bluffs into the open plains。 Here they saw great numbers of the burrowing…squirrel； also some wolves； antelopes； mule…deer； and vast herds of buffalo。 They soon crossed a ridge considerably higher than the surrounding plains； and from its top had a beautiful view of the Rocky Mountains； which are now completely covered with snow。 Their general course is from S。E。 to N。 of N。W。； and they seem to consist of several ranges which successively rise above each other； till the most distant mingles with the clouds。 After travelling twelve miles they again met the river； where there was a handsome plain of cottonwood。〃
Again leaving the river； Captain Lewis bore off more to the north； the stream here bearing considerably to the south； with difficult bluffs along its course。 But fearful of passing the Great Falls before reaching the Rocky Mountains； he again changed his course and； leaving the bluffs to his right he turned towards the river。
The journal gives this description of what followed：
〃In this direction Captain Lewis had gone about two miles； when his ears were saluted with the agreeable sound of a fall of water； and as he advanced a spray； which seemed driven by the high southwest wind； arose above the plain like a column of smoke； and vanished in an instant。 Toward this point he directed his steps； the noise increased as he approached； and soon became too tremendous to be mistaken for anything but the Great Falls of the Missouri。 Having travelled seven miles after first hearing the sound； he reached the falls about twelve o'clock。 The hills as he approached were difficult of access and two hundred feet high。 Down these he hurried with impatience； and； seating himself on some rocks under the centre of the falls； enjoyed the sublime spectacle of this stupendous object； which since the creation had been lavishing its magnificence upon the desert； unknown to civilization。
〃The river immediately at this cascade is three hundred yards wide； and is pressed in by a perpendicular cliff on the left； which rises to about one hundred feet and extends up the stream for a mile； on the right the bluff is also perpendicular for three hundred yards above the falls。 For ninety or one hundred yards from the left cliff； the water falls in one smooth； even sheet； over a precipice of at least eighty feet。 The remaining part of the river precipitates itself with a more rapid current； but being received as it falls by the irregular and somewhat projecting rocks below； forms a splendid prospect of perfectly white foam； two hundred yards in length and eighty in perpendicular elevation。 This spray is dissipated into a thousand shapes； sometimes flying up in columns of fifteen or twenty feet； which are then oppressed by larger masses of the white foam； on all of which the sun impresses the brightest colors of the rainbow。 Below the fall the water beats with fury against a ledge of rocks； which extends across the river at one hundred and fifty yards from the precipice。 From the perpendicular cliff on the north to the distance of one hundred and twenty yards； the rocks are only a few feet above the water； and； when the river is high； the stream finds a channel across them forty yards wide； and near the higher parts of the ledge； which rise about twenty feet； and terminate abruptly within eighty or ninety yards of the southern side。 Between them and the perpendicular cliff on the south； the whole body of water runs with great swiftness。 A few small cedars grow near this ridge of rocks； which serves as a barrier to defend a small plain of about three acres； shaded with cottonwood； at the lower extremity of which is a grove of the same trees； where are several deserted Indian cabins of sticks； below which the river is divided by a large rock； several feet above the surface of the water； and extending down the stream for twenty yards。 At the distance of three hundred yards from the same ridge is a second abutment of solid perpendicular rock； about sixty feet high； projecting at right angles from the small plain on the north for one hundred and thirty…four yards into the river。 After leaving this； the Missouri again spreads itself to its previous breadth of three hundred yards； though with more than its ordinary rapidity。〃
One of Lewis's men was sent back to inform Captain Clark of this momentous discovery； which finally settled all doubt as to which was the true Missouri。 The famous Great Falls of the river had been finally reached。 Captain Lewis next went on to examine the rapids above the falls。 The journal says：
〃After passing one continued rapid and three cascades； each three or four feet high； he reached； at the distance of five miles； a second fall。 The river is here about four hundred yards wide； and for the distance of three hundred rushes down to the depth of nineteen feet； and so irregularly that he gave it the name of the Crooked Falls。 From the southern shore it extends obliquely upward about one hundred and fifty yards； and then forms an acute angle downward nearly to the commencement of four small islands close to the northern side。 From the perpendicular pitch to these islands； a distance of more than one hundred yards； the water glides down a sloping rock with a velocity almost equal to that of its fall： above this fall the river bends suddenly to the northward。 While viewing this place； Captain Lewis heard a loud roar above him； and； crossing the point of a hill a few hundred yards； he saw one of the most beautiful objects in nature： the whole Missouri is suddenly stopped by one shelving rock； which； without a single niche； and with an edge as straight and regular as if formed by art； stretches itself from one side of the river to the other for at least a quarter of a mile。 Over this it precipitates itself in an even； uninterrupted sheet； to the perpendicular depth of fifty feet； whence； dashing against the rocky bottom； it rushes rapidly down； leaving behind it a sheet of the purest foam across the river。 The scene which it presented was indeed singularly beautiful； since； without any of the wild； irregular sublimity of the lower falls； it combined all the regular elegancies which the fancy of a painter would select to form a beautiful waterfall。 The eye had scarcely been regaled with this charming prospect； when at the distance of half a mile Captain Lewis observed another of a similar kind。 To this he immediately hastened； and found a cascade stretching across the whole river for a quarter of a mile； with a descent of fourteen feet； though the perpendicular pitch was only six feet。 This； too； in any other neighborhood； would have been an object of great magnificence； but after what he had just seen； it became of secondary interest。 His curiosity being； however； awakened； he determined to go on； even should night overtake him； to the head of the falls。
〃He therefore pursued the southwest course of the river； which was one constant succession of rapids and small cascades； at every one of which the bluffs grew lower； or the bed of the river became more on a level with the plains。 At the distance of two and one…half miles he arrived at another cataract； of twenty…six feet。 The river is here six hundred yards wide； but the descent is not immediately perpendicular； though the river falls generally with a regular and smooth sheet； for about one…third of the descent a rock protrudes to a small distance； receives the water in its passage； and gives it a curve。 On the south side is a beautiful plain； a few feet above the level of the falls； on the north； the country is more broken； and there is a hill not far from the river。 Just below the falls is a little island in the middle of the river； well covered with timber。 Here on a cottonwood tree an eagle had fixed her nest； and seemed the undisputed mistress of a spot； to contest whose dominion neither man nor beast would venture across the gulfs that surround it； and which is further secured by the mist rising from the falls。 This solitary bird could not escape the observation of the Indians； who made the eagle's nest a part of their description o