sh miserably in the fathomless depths of the continent。 They no longer treated it 〃as a philosophism；〃 or wild prank； but as a wicked scheme to risk life and property in a search for the mysteries of the unknown and unknowable。
As a striking illustration of this uncertainty of the outcome of the expedition； which exercised even the mind of Jefferson； it may be said that in his instructions to Captain Lewis he said： 〃Our Consuls； Thomas Hewes； at Batavia in Java； William Buchanan in the isles of France and Bourbon； and John Elmslie at the Cape of Good Hope； will be able to supply your necessities by drafts on us。〃 All this seems strange enough to the young reader of the present day； but this was said and done one hundred years ago。
Chapter III
From the Lower to the Upper River
The party finally set sail up the Missouri River on Monday； May 21； 1804； but made only a few miles； owing to head winds。 Four days later they camped near the last white settlement on the Missouri；La Charrette； a little village of seven poor houses。 Here lived Daniel Boone； the famous Kentucky backwoodsman； then nearly seventy years old； but still vigorous； erect； and strong of limb。 Here and above this place the explorers began to meet with unfamiliar Indian tribes and names。 For example； they met two canoes loaded with furs 〃from the Mahar nation。〃 The writer of the Lewis and Clark journal； upon whose notes we rely for our story； made many slips of this sort。 By 〃Mahars〃 we must understand that the Omahas were meant。 We shall come across other such instances in which the strangers mistook the pronunciation of Indian names。 For example； Kansas was by them misspelled as 〃Canseze〃 and 〃Canzan；〃 and there appear some thirteen or fourteen different spellings of Sioux； of which one of the most far…fetched is 〃Scouex。〃
The explorers were now in a country unknown to them and almost unknown to any white man。 On the thirty…first of May； a messenger came down the Grand Osage River bringing a letter from a person who wrote that the Indians； having been notified that the country had been ceded to the Americans； burned the letter containing the tidings； refusing to believe the report。 The Osage Indians； through whose territory they were now passing； were among the largest and finest…formed red men of the West。 Their name came from the river along which they warred and hunted； but their proper title； as they called themselves； was 〃the Wabashas；〃 and from them； in later years； we derive the familiar name of Wabash。 A curious tradition of this people； according to the journal of Lewis and Clark； is that the founder of the nation was a snail； passing a quiet existence along the banks of the Osage； till a high flood swept him down to the Missouri； and left him exposed on the shore。 The heat of the sun at length ripened him into a man； but with the change of his nature he had not forgotten his native seats on the Osage； towards which he immediately bent his way。 He was； however； soon overtaken by hunger and fatigue； when happily； the Great Spirit appeared； and； giving him a bow and arrow； showed him how to kill and cook deer； and cover himself with the skin。 He then proceeded to his original residence； but as he approached the river he was met by a beaver； who inquired haughtily who he was； and by what authority he came to disturb his possession。 The Osage answered that the river was his own； for he had once lived on its borders。 As they stood disputing； the daughter of the beaver came； and having； by her entreaties； reconciled her father to this young stranger； it was proposed that the Osage should marry the young beaver； and share with her family the enjoyment of the river。 The Osage readily consented； and from this happy union there soon came the village and the nation of the Wabasha； or Osages； who have ever since preserved a pious reverence for their ancestors； abstaining from the chase of the beaver； because in killing that animal they killed a brother of the Osage。 Of late years； however； since the trade with the whites has rendered beaver…skins more valuable； the sanctity of these maternal relatives has been visibly reduced； and the poor animals have lost all the privileges of kindred。
Game was abundant all along the river as the explorers sailed up the stream。 Their hunters killed numbers of deer； and at the mouth of Big Good Woman Creek； which empties into the Missouri near the present town of Franklin； Howard County； three bears were brought into the camp。 Here； too； they began to find salt springs； or 〃salt licks；〃 to which many wild animals resorted for salt； of which they were very fond。 Saline County； Missouri； perpetuates the name given to the region by Lewis and Clark。 Traces of buffalo were also found here； and occasional wandering traders told them that the Indians had begun to hunt the buffalo now that the grass had become abundant enough to attract this big game from regions lying further south。
By the tenth of June the party had entered the country of the Ayauway nation。 This was an easy way of spelling the word now familiar to us as 〃Iowa。〃 But before that spelling was reached； it was Ayaway； Ayahwa； Iawai； Iaway； and soon。 The remnants of this once powerful tribe now number scarcely two hundred persons。 In Lewis and Clark's time； they were a large nation； with several hundred warriors； and were constantly at war with their neighbors。 Game here grew still more abundant； and in addition to deer and bear the hunters brought in a raccoon。 One of these hunters brought into camp a wild tale of a snake which； he said； 〃made a guttural noise like a turkey。〃 One of the French voyageurs confirmed this story； but the croaking snake was never found and identified。
On the twenty…fourth of June the explorers halted to prepare some of the meat which their hunters brought in。 Numerous herds of deer were feeding on the abundant grass and young willows that grew along the river banks。 The meat； cut in small strips； or ribbons； was dried quickly in the hot sun。 This was called 〃jirked〃 meat。 Later on the word was corrupted into 〃jerked；〃 and 〃jerked beef〃 is not unknown at the present day。 The verb 〃jerk〃 is corrupted from the Chilian word； charqui； meaning sun…dried meat； but it is not easy to explain how the Chilian word got into the Northwest。
As the season advanced； the party found many delicious wild fruits； such as currants； plums； raspberries； wild apples； and vast quantities of mulberries。 Wild turkeys were also found in large numbers； and the party had evidently entered a land of plenty。 Wild geese were abundant； and numerous tracks of elk were seen。 But we may as well say here that the； so…called elk of the Northwest is not the elk of ancient Europe； a more correct and distinctive name for this animal is wapiti； the name given the animal by the Indians。 The European elk more closely resembles the American moose。 Its antlers are flat； low； and palmated like our moose； whereas the antlers of the American elk； so…called； are long； high； and round…shaped with many sharp points or tines。 The mouth of the great Platte River was reached on the twenty…first of July。 This famous stream was then regarded as a sort of boundary line between the known and unknown regions。 As mariners crossing the equator require all their comrades； who have not been 〃over the line〃 to submit to lathering and shaving； so the Western voyageurs merrily compelled their mates to submit to similar horse…play。 The great river was also the mark above which explorers entered upon what was called the Upper Missouri。
The expedition was now advancing into a region inhabited by several wandering tribes of Indians； chief of which were the Ottoes； Missouris； and Pawnees。 It was determined； therefore； to call a council of some of the chiefs of these bands and make terms of peace with them。 After some delay； the messengers sent out to them brought in fourteen representative Indians； to whom the white men made presents of roast meat； pork； flour； and corn…meal； in return for which their visitors brought them quantities of delicious watermelons。 〃Next day； August 3；〃 says the journal； 〃the Indians； with their six chiefs； were all assembled under an awning formed with the mainsail； in presence of all our party； paraded for the occasion。 A speech was then made； announcing to them the change in the government； our promises of protection； and advice as to their future conduct。 All the six chiefs replied to our speech； each in his turn； according to rank。 They expressed their joy at the change in the government； their hopes that we would recommend them to their Great Father （the president）； that they might obtain trade and necessaries： they wanted arms as well for hunting as for defence； and asked our mediation between them and the Mahas； with whom they are now at war。 We promised to do so； and wished some of them to accompany us to that nation； which they declined； for fear of being killed by them。 We then proceeded to distribute our presents。 The grand chief of the nation not being of the party； we sent him a flag； a medal； and some ornaments for clothing。 To the six chiefs who were present； we gave a medal of the second grade to one Ottoe chief and one Missouri chief； a medal of the third grade to two inferior chiefs of each nation； the customary mode of recognizing a chief being to place a medal round his neck； which is considered among his tribe as a proof of his consideration abroad。 Each of these medals was accompanied by a present of paint； garters； and cloth ornaments of dress； and to this we added a canister of powder； a bottle of whiskey； and a few presents to the whole； which appeared to make them perfectly satisfied。 The air…gun； too； was fired； and astonished them greatly。 The absent grand chief was an Ottoe； named Weahrushhah； which； in English； degenerates into Little Thief。 The two principal chieftains present were Shongotongo； or Big Horse； and Wethea； or Hospitality； also Shosguscan； or White Horse； an Ottoe； the first an Ottoe； the second a Missouri。 The incidents just related induced us to give to this place the name of the Council Bluffs： the situation of it is exceedingly favorable for a fort and trading factory； as the soil is well calculated