ch opinion must be held under restraint。 And as to those summary arrests； and the suspension of the 〃habeas corpus；〃 is there not something to be said for the States government on that head also？ Military arrests are very dreadful； and the soul of a nation's liberty is that personal freedom from arbitrary interference which is signified to the world by those two unintelligible Latin words。 A man's body shalt not be kept in duress at any man's will； but shall be brought up into open court； with uttermost speed； in order that the law may say whether or no it should be kept in duress。 That I take it is the meaning of 〃habeas corpus；〃 and it is easy to see that the suspension of that privilege destroys all freedom； and places the liberty of every individual at the mercy of him who has the power to suspend it。 Nothing can be worse than this： and such suspension； if extended over any long period of years； will certainly make a nation weak； mean spirited； and poor。 But in a period of civil war； or even of a widely…extended civil commotion； things cannot work in their accustomed grooves。 A lady does not willingly get out of her bedroom…window with nothing on but her nightgown； but when her house is on fire she is very thankful for an opportunity of doing so。 It is not long since the 〃habeas corpus〃 was suspended in parts of Ireland； and absurd arrests were made almost daily when that suspension first took effect。 It was grievous that there should be necessity for such a step； and it is very grievous now that such necessity should be felt in the Northern States。 But I do not think that it becomes Englishmen to bear hardly upon Americans generally for what has been done in that matter。 Mr。 Seward； in an official letter to the British Minister at Washingtonwhich letter； through official dishonesty； found its way to the pressclaimed for the President the right of suspending the 〃habeas corpus〃 in the States whenever it might seem good to him to do so。 If this be in accordance with the law of the land； which I think must be doubted； the law of the land is not favorable to freedom。 For myself； I conceive that Mr。 Lincoln and Mr。 Seward have been wrong in their law； and that no such right is given to the President by the Constitution of the United States。 This I will attempt to prove in some subsequent chapter。 But I think it must be felt by all who have given any thought to the Constitution of the States； that let what may be the letter of the law； the Presidents of the United States have had no such power。 It is because the States have been no longer united； that Mr。 Lincoln has had the power； whether it be given to him by the law or no。 And then as to the debt； it seems to me very singular that we in England should suppose that a great commercial people would be ruined by a national debt。 As regards ourselves； I have always looked on our national debt as the ballast in our ship。 We have a great deal of ballast； but then the ship is very big。 The States also are taking in ballast at a rather rapid rate； and we too took it in quickly when we were about it。 But I cannot understand why their ship should not carry； without shipwreck； that which our ship has carried without damage； and； as I believe； with positive advantage to its sailing。 The ballast； if carried honestly； will not； I think； bring the vessel to grief。 The fear is lest the ballast should be thrown overboard。 So much I have said wishing to plead the cause of the Northern States before the bar of English opinion； and thinking that there is ground for a plea in their favor。 But yet I cannot say that their bitterness against Englishmen has been justified； or that their tone toward England has been dignified。 Their complaint is that they have received no sympathy from England； but it seems to me that a great nation should not require an expression of sympathy during its struggle。 Sympathy is for the weak rather than for the strong。 When I hear two powerful men contending together in argument； I do not sympathize with him who has the best of it； but I watch the precision of his logic and acknowledge the effects of his rhetoric。 There has been a whining weakness in the complaints made by Americans against England； which has done more to lower them as a people in my judgment than any other part of their conduct during the present crisis。 When we were at war with Russia； the feeling of the States was strongly against us。 All their wishes were with our enemies。 When the Indian mutiny was at its worst； the feeling of France was equally adverse to us。 The joy expressed by the French newspapers was almost ecstatic。 But I do not think that on either occasion we bemoaned ourselves sadly on the want of sympathy shown by our friends。 On each occasion we took the opinion expressed for what it was worth； and managed to live it down。 We listened to what was said； and let it pass by。 When in each case we had been successful； there was an end of our friends' croakings。 But in the Northern States of America the bitterness against England has amounted almost to a passion。 The playersthose chroniclers of the timehave had no hits so sure as those which have been aimed at Englishmen as cowards； fools； and liars。 No paper has dared to say that England has been true in her American policy。 The name of an Englishman has been made a by…word for reproach。 In private intercourse private amenities have remained。 I； at any rate； may boast that such has been the case as regards myself。 But； even in private life； I have been unable to keep down the feeling that I have always been walking over smothered ashes。 It may be that； when the civil war in America is over； all this will pass by； and there will be nothing left of international bitterness but its memory。 It is sincerely to be hoped that this may be sothat even the memory of the existing feeling may fade away and become unreal。 I for one cannot think that two nations situated as are the States and England should permanently quarrel and avoid each other。 But words have been spoken which will； I fear； long sound in men's ears； and thoughts have sprung up which will not easily allow themselves to be extinguished。
CHAPTER XIV。 NEW YORK。
Speaking of New York as a traveler； I have two faults to find with it。 In the first place； there is nothing to see； and； in the second place； there is no mode of getting about to see anything。 Nevertheless； New York is a most interesting city。 It is the third biggest city in the known world； for those Chinese congregations of unwinged ants are not cities in the known world。 In no other city is there a population so mixed and cosmopolitan in their modes of life。 And yet in no other city that I have seen are there such strong and ever visible characteristics of the social and political bearings of the nation to which it belongs。 New York appears to me as infinitely more American than Boston； Chicago； or Washington。 It has no peculiar attribute of its own； as have those three citiesBoston in its literature and accomplished intelligence； Chicago in its internal trade； and Washington in its Congressional and State politics。 New York has its literary aspirations； its commercial grandeur； and； Heaven knows； it has its politics also。 But these do not strike the visitor as being specially characteristic of the city。 That it is pre…eminently American is its glory or its disgrace； as men of different ways of thinking may decide upon it。 Free institutions； general education； and the ascendency of dollars are the words written on every paving…stone along Fifth Avenue； down Broadway； and up Wall Street。 Every man can vote； and values the privilege。 Every man can read； and uses the privilege。 Every man worships the dollar； and is down before his shrine from morning to night。 As regards voting and reading； no American will be angry with me for saying so much of him； and no Englishman； whatever may be his ideas as to the franchise in his own country； will conceive that I have said aught to the dishonor of an American。 But as to that dollar…worshiping； it will of course seem that I am abusing the New Yorkers。 We all know what a wretchedly wicked thing money ishow it stands between us and heavenhow it hardens our hearts and makes vulgar our thoughts！ Dives has ever gone to the devil； while Lazarus has been laid up in heavenly lavender。 The hand that employs itself in compelling gold to enter the service of man has always been stigmatized as the ravisher of things sacred。 The world is agreed about that； and therefore the New Yorker is in a bad way。 There are very few citizens in any town known to me which under this dispensation are in a good way； but the New Yorker is in about the worst way of all。 Other men； the world over； worship regularly at the shrine with matins and vespers； nones and complines； and whatever other daily services may be known to the religious houses； but the New Yorker is always on his knees。 That is the amount of the charge which I bring against New York； and now； having laid on my paint thickly； I shall proceed； like an unskillful artist； to scrape a great deal of it off again。 New York has been a leading commercial city in the world for not more than fifty or sixty years。 As far as I can learn； its population at the close of the last century did not exceed 60；000； and ten years later it had not reached 100；000。 In 1860 it had reached nearly 800；000 in the City of New York itself。 To this number must be added the numbers of Brooklyn； Williamsburg； and Jersey City； in order that a true conception may be had of the population of this American metropolis； seeing that those places are as much a part of New York as Southwark is of London。 By this the total will be swelled to considerably above a million。 It will no doubt be admitted that this growth has been very fast； and that New York may well be proud of it。 Increase of population is； I take it； the only trustworthy sign of a nation's success or of a city's success。 We boast that London has beaten the other cities of the world； and think that that boast is enough to cover all the social sins for which London has to confess her guilt。 New York； beginning with 60；000 sixty years since； has now a million soulsa million mouths