the origin of the distinction of ranks- 第2部分

ulations　of　the　Spartan　Lawgiver；　which　appear；　in　every　respect；　agreeable　to　the　primitive　manners　of　that　simple　and　barbarous　people；　for　whose　benefit　they　were　promulgated。　　　　　Among　the　several　circumstances　which　may　affect　the　gradual　improvements　of　society；　the　difference　of　climate　is　one　of　the　most　remarkable。　In　warm　countries；　the　earth　is　often　extremely　fertile；　and　with　little　culture　is　capable　of　producing　whatever　is　necessary　for　substance。　To　labour　under　the　extreme　heat　of　the　sun　is；　at　the　same　time；　exceedingly　troublesome　and　oppressive。　The　inhabitants；　therefore；　of　such　countries；　while　they　enjoy　a　degree　of　affluence；　and；　while　by　the　mildness　of　the　climate　they　are　exempted　from　many　inconveniencies　and　wants；　are　seldom　disposed　to　any　laborious　exertion；　and　thus；　acquiring　habits　of　indolence；　become　addicted　to　sensual　pleasure；　and　liable　to　all　those　infirmities　which　are　nourished　by　idleness　and　sloth。　The　people　who　live　in　a　cold　country　find；　on　the　contrary；　that　little　or　nothing　is　to　be　obtained　without　labour；　and　being　subjected　to　numberless　hardships；　while　they　are　forced　to　contend　with　the　ruggedness　of　the　soil；　and　the　severity　of　the　seasons；　in　earning　their　scanty　provision；　they　become　active　and　industrious；　and　acquire　those　dispositions　and　talents　which　proceed　from　the　constant　and　vigorous　exercise　both　of　the　mind　and　body。　　　　　Some　philosophers　are　of　opinion；　that　the　difference　of　heat　and　cold；　of　moisture　and　dryness；　or　other　qualities　of　the　climate；　have　a　more　immediate　influence　upon　the　character　and　conduct　of　nations；　by　operating　insensibly　upon　the　human　body；　and　by　effecting　correspondent　alterations　in　the　temper。　It　is　pretended　that　great　heat；　by　relaxing　the　fibres；　and　by　extending　the　surface　of　the　skin；　where　the　action　of　the　nerves　is　chiefly　performed；　occasions　great　sensibility　to　all　external　impressions；　which　is　accompanied　with　proportionable　vivacity　of　ideas　and　feelings。　The　inhabitants　of　a　hot　country　are；　upon　this　account；　supposed　to　be　naturally　deficient　in　courage；　and　in　that　steadiness　of　attention　which　is　necessary　for　the　higher　exertions　of　judgment；　while　they　are　no　less　distinguished　by　their　extreme　delicacy　of　taste；　and　liveliness　of　imagination。　The　weakness；　too；　of　their　bodily　organs　prevents　them　from　consuming　a　great　quantity　of　food；　though　their　excessive　perspiration；　the　effect　of　the　climate；　requires　continual　supplies　of　such　thin　liquors　as　are　proper　to　repair　the　waste　of　their　fluids。　In　this　situation；　therefore；　temperance　in　eating　and　drinking　becomes　a　constitutional　virtue。　　　　　The　inhabitants　of　a　cold　region；　are　said；　on　the　other　hand；　to　acquire　an　opposite　complexion。　As　cold　tends　to　brace　the　fibres；　and　to　contract　the　operation　of　the　nerves；　it　is　held　to　produce　a　vigorous　constitution　of　body；　with　little　sensibility　or　vivacity；　from　which　we　may　expect　activity；　courage；　and　resolution；　together　with　such　calm　and　steady　views　of　objects；　as　are　usually　connected　with　a　clear　understanding。　The　vigorous　constitutions　of　men；　in　a　cold　climate；　are　also　supposed　to　demand　great　supplies　of　strong　food；　and　to　create　a　particular　inclination　for　intoxicating　liquors。　　　　　In　some　such　manner　as　this；　it　is　imagined　that　the　character　of　different　nations　arises；　in　a　great　measure；　from　the　air　which　they　breathe；　and　from　the　soil　upon　which　they　are　maintained。　How　far　these　conjectures　have　any　real　foundation；　it　seems　difficult　to　determine。　We　are　too　little　acquainted　with　the　structure　of　the　human　body；　to　discover　how　it　is　affected　by　such　physical　circumstances；　or　to　discern　the　alterations　in　the　state　of　the　mind；　which　may　possibly　proceed　from　a　different　conformation　of　bodily　organs；　and　in　the　history　of　the　world；　we　see　no　regular　marks　of　that　secret　influence　which　has　been　ascribed　to　the　air　and　climate；　but；　on　the　contrary；　may　commonly　explain　the　great　differences　in　the　manners　and　custom　of　mankind　from　other　causes；　the　existence　of　which　is　capable　of　being　more　clearly　ascertained。　　　　　How　many　nations　are　to　be　found；　whose　situation　in　point　of　climate　is　apparently　similar；　and；　yet；　whose　character　and　political　institutions　are　entirely　opposite？　Compare；　in　this　respect；　the　mildness　and　moderation　of　the　Chinese；　with　the　rough　manners　and　intolerant　principles　of　their　neighbours　in　Japan。　What　a　contrast　is　exhibited　by　people　at　no　greater　distance　than　were　the　ancient　Athenians　and　Lacedemonians？　Can　it　be　conceived　that　the　difference　between　the　climate　of　France　and　that　of　Spain；　or　between　that　of　Greece　and　of　the　neighboring　provinces　of　the　Turkish　empire；　will　account　for　the　different　usages　and　manners　of　the　present　inhabitants？　How　is　it　possible　to　explain　those　national　peculiarities　that　have　been　remarked　in　the　English；　the　Irish；　and　the　Scotch；　from　the　different　temperature　of　the　weather　under　which　they　have　lived？　　　　　The　different　manners　of　people　in　the　same　country；　at　different　periods；　are　no　less　remarkable；　and　afford　evidence　yet　more　satisfactory；　that　national　character　depends　very　little　upon　the　immediate　operation　of　climate。　The　inhabitants　of　Sparta　are；　at　present；　under　the　influence　of　the　same　physical　circumstances　as　in　the　days　of　Leonidas。　The　modern　Italians　live　in　the　country　of　the　ancient　Romans。　　　　　The　following　Inquiry　is　intended　to　illustrate　the　natural　history　of　mankind　in　several　important　articles。　This　is　attempted；　by　pointing　out　the　more　obvious　and　common　improvements　which　gradually　arise　in　the　state　of　society；　and　by　showing　the　influence　of　these　upon　the　manners；　the　laws；　and　the　government　of　a　people。　　　　　With　regard　to　the　facts　made　use　of　in　the　following　discourse；　the　reader；　who　is　conversant　in　history；　will　readily　perceive　the　difficulty　of　obtaining　proper　materials　for　speculations　of　this　nature。　Historians　of　reputation　have　commonly　overlooked　the　transactions　of　early　ages；　as　not　deserving　to　be　remembered；　and　even　in　the　history　of　later　and　more　cultivated　periods；　they　have　been　more　solicitous　to　give　an　exact　account　of　battles；　and　public　negotiations；　than　of　the　interior　police　and　government　of　a　country。　Our　information；　therefore；　with　regard　to　the　state　of　mankind　in　the　rude　parts　of　the　world；　is　chiefly　derived　from　the　relations　of　travellers；　whose　character　and　situation　in　life；　neither　set　them　above　the　suspicion　of　being　easily　deceived；　nor　of　endeavouring　to　misrepresent　the　facts　which　they　have　related。　From　the　number；　however；　and　the　variety　of　those　relations；　they　acquire；　in　many　cases；　a　degree　of　authority；　upon　which　we　may　depend　with　security；　and　to　which　the　narration　of　any　single　person；　how　respectable　soever；　can　have　no　pretension。　When　illiterate　men；　ignorant　of　the　writings　of　each　other；　and　who；　unless　upon　religious　subjects；　had　no　speculative　systems　to　warp　their　opinions；　have；　in　distant　ages　and　countries；　described　the　manners　of　people　in　similar　circumstances；　the　reader　has　an　opportunity　of　comparing　their　several　descriptions；　and　from　their　agreement　or　disagreement　is　enabled　to　ascertain　the　credit　that　is　due　to　them。　According　to　this　method　of　judging；　which　throws　the　veracity　of　the　relater　very　much　out　of　the　question；　we　may　be　convinced　of　the　truth　of　extraordinary　facts；　as　well　as　of　those　that　are　more　agreeable　to　our　own　experience。　It　may　even　be　remarked；　that　in　proportion　to　the　singularity　of　any　event；　it　is　the　more　improbable　that　different　persons；　who　design　to　impose　upon　the　world；　but　who　have　no　concert　with　each　other；　should　agree　in　relating　it。　When　to　all　this；　we　are　able　to　add　the　reasons　of　those　particular　custom　which　have　been　uniformly　reported；　the　evidence　becomes　as　complete　as　the　nature　of　the　thing　will　admit。　We　cannot　refuse　our　assent　to　such　evidence；　without　falling　into　a　degree　of　scepticism　by　which　the　credibility　of　all　historical　testimony　would　be　in　a　great　measure　destroyed。　This　observation；　it　is　hoped；　will　serve　as　an　apology　for　the　multiplicity　of　facts　that　are　sometimes　stated　in　confirmation　of　the　following　remark。　At　the　same　time；　from　an　apprehension　of　being　tedious；　the　author　has；　on　other　occasions；　selected　only　a　few；　from　a　greater　number　to　the　same　purpose；　that　might　easily　have　been　procured。　Chapter　I　Of　the　rank　and　condition　of　woman　in　different　ages　Section　I　The　effects　of　poverty　and　barbarism；　with　respect　to　the　condition　of　women　　　　　Of　all　our　passions；　it　should　seem　that　those　which　unite　the　sexes　are　most　easily　affected　by　the　peculiar　circumstances　in　which　we　are　placed；　and　most　liable　to　be　influenced　by　the　power　of　habit　and　education。　Upon　this　account　they　exhibit　the　most　wonderful　variety　of　appearances；　and；　in　different　ages　and　countries；　have　produced　the　greatest　diversity　of　manners　and　customs。　　　　　The　state　of　mankind　in　the　rudest　period　of　society；　is　extremely　unfavourable　to　the　improvement　of　these　passions。　A　savage　who　earns　his　food　by　hunting　and　fishing；　or　by　gathering　the　spontaneous　fruits　of　the　earth；　is　incapable　of　attaining　any　considerable　refinement　in　his　pleasures。　He　finds　so　much　difficulty；　and　is　exposed　to　so　many　hardships　in　procuring　mere　necessaries；　that　he　has　no　leisure　or　encouragement　to　aim　at　the　luxuries　and　conveniencies　of　life。　His　wants　are　few；　in　proportion　to　the　narrowness　of　his　circumstances。　With　him；　the　great　object　is　to　be　able　to　satisfy　his　hunger；　and；　after　the　utmost　exertions　of　labour　and　activity；　to　enjoy　the　relief　of　idleness　and　repose。　He　has　no　time　for　cultivating　a　correspondence　with　the　other　sex；　nor　for　attending　to　those　enjoyments　which　result　from　it；　and　his　desires　being　neither　cherished　by　affluence；　nor　inflamed　by　indulgence；　are　allowed　to　remain　in　that　moderate　state　which　renders　them　barely　sufficient　for　the　continuation　of　the　species。　　　　　The　facility　with　which　he　may　commonly　gratify　these　appetites；　is　another　circumstance　by　which　his　situation　is　peculiarly　distinguished。　In　the　most　rude　and　barbarous　ages；　little　or　no　property　can　be　acquired　by　particular　per