the origin of the distinction of ranks- 第39部分

longer　of　service　to　the　owner。　　　　　Considering　the　many　advantages　which　a　country　derives　from　the　freedom　of　the　labouring　people；　it　is　to　be　regretted　that　any　species　of　slavery　should　still　remain　in　the　dominions　of　Great　Britain；　in　which　liberty　is　generally　so　well　understood；　and　so　highly　valued。　　　　　The　situation　of　the　colliers　and　salters　in　Scotland　may　seem　of　little　consequence；　as　the　number　of　persons　engaged　in　that　employment　is　not　very　great；　and　their　servitude　is　not　very　grievous。　The　detriment；　however；　which　arises　from　thence　to　the　proprietor　of　such　works　is　manifest。　No　man　would　choose　to　be　a　slave　if　he　could　earn　nearly　the　same　wages　by　living　in　a　state　of　freedom。　Each　collier　therefore　must　have　an　additional　premium　for　his　labour；　upon　account　of　the　bondage　into　which　he　is　reduced：　otherwise　he　will　endeavour　to　procure　a　livelihood　by　some　other　employment。　　　　　Many　of　the　coal　masters　begin　to　be　sensible　of　this；　and　with　that　their　workmen　were　＇are＇　upon　a　different　footing；　although；　with　a　timidity　natural　to　those　who　have　a　great　pecuniary　interest　at　stake；　they　are　averse　from　altering　the　former　practice；　until　such　alteration　shall　be　rendered　universal　by　an　act　of　parliament。　But　whatever　advantages　might　accrue　to　them　from　a　general　law　abolishing　the　slavery　of　the　colliers；　it　seems　evident　that　these　advantages　would　be　reaped　in　a　much　higher　degree　by　any　single　proprietor　who　should　have　the　resolution　to　give　liberty　to　his　workmen；　and　renounce　the　privileges　which　the　law　bestows　upon　him；　with　respect　to　those　who　might　afterwards　engage　in　his　service。　If　the　slavery　of　the　colliers　tends　to　heighten　their　wages；　surely　any　one　master　who　should　be　freed　from　this　inconvenience　before　the　rest；　would　be　in　the　same　circumstances　with　a　manufacturer　who　produces　a　commodity　at　less　expense　than　his　neighbours；　and　who　is　thereby　enabled　to　undersell　them　in　the　market。（19*）　　　　　The　slavery　established　in　our　colonies　is　an　object　of　greater　importance；　and　is；　perhaps；　attended　with　difficulties　which　cannot　be　so　easily　removed。　It　has　been　thought；　that　the　management　of　our　plantations　requires　a　labour　in　which　free　men　would　not　be　willing　to　engage；　and　which　the　white　people　are；　from　their　constitution；　incapable　of　performing。　How　far　this　opinion　is　well　founded；　according　to　the　present　manner　of　labouring　in　that　part　of　the　world；　seems　difficult　to　determine；　as　it　has　never　been　properly　examined　by　those　who　are　in　a　condition　to　ascertain　the　facts　in　question。　But　there　is　ground　to　believe　that　the　institution　of　slavery　is　the　chief　circumstance　that　has　prevented　those　contrivances　to　shorten　and　facilitate　the　more　laborious　employments　of　the　people；　which　take　place　in　other　countries　where　freedom　has　been　introduced。　　　　　Notwithstanding　the　connexion　between　our　colonies　and　the　mother…country；　the　instruments　proper　for　some　of　the　most　common　branches　of　labour　are　little　known　in　many　parts　of　the　West　Indies。　In　Jamaica　the　digging　of　a　grave　gives　full　employment　to　two　men　for　a　whole　day；　as　from　the　want　of　proper　tools　it　is　necessary　to　make　a　large　hole　no　way　adapted　to　the　human　figure。　I　am　informed；　that；　unless　it　has　been　procured　very　lately；　there　is　hardly　a　spade　in　the　whole　island。　In　procuring　firewood　for　boiling　sugar；　etc。；　a　work　that　takes　up　about　five　or　six　weeks　yearly；　no　use　is　made　of　the　saw；　but　the　trees　are　cut　with　an　axe　into　logs　of　about　30　inches　in　length。　Instead　of　a　flail　the　negroes　make　use　of　a　single　stick　in　threshing　the　Guinea…corn；　so　that　in　this　and　in　winnowing；　ten　women　are　capable　of　doing　no　more　work　in　a　day；　than；　with　our　instruments　and　machinery；　two　men　would　perform　in　two　hours。　From　the　want　of　a　scythe　or　sickle；　they　are　obliged　every　night　to　cut　with　a　knife；　or　pull　with　their　hands；　a　quantity　of　grass　sufficient　to　serve　their　horses；　mules；　and　black　cattle。（20*）　　　　　With　regard　to　the　planting　of　sugar；　experiments　have　been　made；　in　some　of　the　islands；　from　which　it　appears　that；　in　this　species　of　cultivation；　cattle　might　be　employed　with　advantage；　and　that　the　number　of　slaves　might　be　greatly　diminished。（21*）　But　these　experiments　have　been　little　regarded；　in　opposition　to　the　former　usage；　and　in　opposition　to　a　lucrative　branch　of　trade　which　this　innovation　would　in　a　great　measure　destroy。　　　　　At　any　rate；　the　interest　of　our　colonies　seems　to　demand　that　the　negroes　should　be　better　treated；　and　even　that　they　should　be　raised　to　a　better　condition。　The　author　of　a　late　elegant　account　of　our　American　settlements　has　proposed；　that　small　wages　should　be　given　them　as　an　encouragement　to　industry。　If　this　measure　were　once　begun；　it　is　probable　that　it　would　gradually　be　pushed　to　a　greater　extent；　as　the　master　would　soon　find　the　advantage　of　proportioning　the　wages　of　the　slaves　to　the　work　which　they　performed。　It　is　astonishing　that　so　little　attention　has　hitherto　been　paid　to　any　improvements　of　this　nature；　after　the　good　effects　of　them　have　been　so　fully　illustrated　in　the　case　of　the　villains　in　Europe。　The　owner　of　a　sugar　or　tobacco　plantation；　one　would　think；　might　easily　estimate　the　average　value　of　the　crop　which　it　had　formerly　yielded；　and　could　run　no　hazard；　whatever　profit　he　might　reap；　by　allowing　the　people　employed　in　the　cultivation　to　draw　a　share　of　any　additional　produce　obtained　by　their　labour　and　frugality。　　　　　It　affords　a　curious　spectacle　to　observe　that　the　same　people　who　talk　in　a　high　strain　of　political　liberty；　and　who　consider　the　privilege　of　imposing　their　own　taxes　as　one　of　the　unalienable　rights　of　mankind；　should　make　no　scruple　of　reducing　a　great　proportion　of　their　fellow…creatures　into　circumstances　by　which　they　are　not　only　deprived　of　property；　but　almost　of　every　species　of　right。　Fortune　perhaps　never　produced　a　situation　more　calculated　to　ridicule　a　liberal　hypothesis；　or　to　show　how　little　the　conduct　of　men　is　at　the　bottom　directed　by　any　philosophical　principles。　　　　　In　those　provinces；　however；　of　North　America；　where　few　slaves　have　ever　been　maintained；　and　where　slavery　does　not　seem　to　be　recommended　by　the　nature　of　those　employments　in　which　the　people　are　usually　engaged；　there　may　be　some　ground　to　expect　that　its　pernicious　effects　upon　industry　will　soon　be　felt；　and　that　the　practice　will　of　course　be　abandoned。　It　is　said　that　some　of　the　provincial　assemblies　in　that　country　have　lately　resolved　to　prevent　or　discourage　the　importation　of　negroes；　but　from　what　motives　this　resolution　has　proceeded；　it　is　difficult　to　determine。（22*）　　　　　The　advancement　of　commerce　and　the　arts；　together　with　the　diffusion　of　knowledge；　in　the　present　age；　has　of　late　contributed　to　the　removal　of　many　prejudices；　and　been　productive　of　enlarged　opinions；　both　upon　this　and　upon　a　variety　of　other　subjects。　It　has　long　been　held；　in　Britain；　that　a　negro　slave；　imported　into　this　country；　obtained　thereby　many　of　the　privileges　of　a　free　man。　But　by　a　late　judgment　in　the　court　of　king's…bench　it　was　found　that　the　master　could　not　recover　his　power　over　the　servant　by　sending　him　abroad　at　pleasure。（23*）　　　　　By　a　still　more　recent　decision　of　the　chief　court　in　Scotland；　it　was　declared：　　　　　That　the　dominion　assumed　over　this　negro；　under　the　law　of　Jamaica；　being　unjust；　could　not　be　supported　in　this　country　to　any　extent：　that　therefore　the　defender　had　no　right　to　the　negro's　service　for　any　space　of　time；　nor　to　send　him　out　of　the　country　against　his　consent。（24*）　　　　　This　last　decision；　which　was　given　in　1778；　is　the　more　worthy　of　attention；　as　it　condemns　the　slavery　of　the　negroes　in　explicit　term；　and；　being　the　first　opinion　of　that　nature　delivered　by　any　court　in　the　island；　may　be　accounted　an　authentic　testimony　of　the　liberal　sentiments　entertained　in　the　latter　part　of　the　eighteenth　century。　NOTES：　1。　These　captives　are　worse　treated　by　some　of　the　American　nations　than　by　others；　but　in　fact　they　are　always　retained　in　the　condition　of　slaves。　See　Lafitau；　Moeurs　de　Sauvages　Ameriquains；　4to。　tom。　2；　p。　308。　2。　In　north　America；　where　slaves　are　said　to　be　much　better　treated　than　in　the　West…India　islands；　it　is　believed；　the　expense　of　a　negro…slave；　for　common　labour；　is　not　much　inferior　to　that　of　a　free　labourer。　In　the　Jerseys；　and　in　New　York；　the　expense　of　a　negro　slave　may　be　stated　as　follow：　　　　　　　The　original　price；　about　100　l。　currency；　　　　　for　which　double　interest　allowed；　at　7　per　cent。　　？4　　　　　　　Yearly　expence　of　clothing　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　6　　　　　　　For　medicines；　etc。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　3　　　　　　　For　maintenance　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　15　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　In　all　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　？8　yearly。　　　　　A　free　labourer；　in　those　provinces；　when　hired　by　the　year；　receives　from　24　l。　to　30　l。　yearly；　to　which　may　be　added　15　l。　for　maintenance。　And　in　balancing　this　account　we　must　take　in　the　risk　that　the　negro；　when　purchased；　may　not　be　fit　for　the　purpose；　and　that　his　labour　may　be　of　little　value。　3。　See　Heineccius；　Ant。　Rom。　lib。　1；　tit。　5；　？6。　This　regulation；　however；　admitted　of　an　exception；　where　a　man　fraudulently　suffered　himself　to　be　sold　in　order　to　share　in　the　price；　in　which　case　he　became　the　slave　of　the　person　whom　he　had　defrauded。　L。　3。　Dig。　quib。　ad。　libert。　proclam。　non　licet。　4。　It　is　accordingly　held；　in　the　later　Roman　law；　that　a　soldier　is　entitled　to　no　part　of　the　plunder　acquired　in　war；　unless　from　the　special　donation　of　the　emperor。　L。　20。　？1。　Dig。　de　capt。　et　postl。　1。　36。　？1。　c。　de　donat。　5。　Plautus；　Amphitr。　6。　Juvenal；　Sat。　6。　　　　　Vedius　Pollio；　a　Roman　citizen；　is　said　to　have　fed　the　fishes　in　his　fish…ponds　with　the　flesh　of　his　own　slaves。　Donat。　ad　Terentii　Phorm。　act　2；　scen。　1。　　　　　With　regard　to　the　treatment　of　the　Roman　slaves；　see　Mr　Hume's　learned　essay　on　the　populousness　of　ancient　nations。　7。　Exodus；　chap。　xxi；　ver。　20；　21；　26；　27。　It　has　been　a　question　whether　the　last　quoted　laws；　in　ver。　26　and　27；　related　to　the　slaves　acquired　from　foreign　nations；　or　only　to　such　of　the　israelites　as　had　been　reduced　into　a　state　of　servitude。　Grotius　is　of　the　latter　opinio