战争与和平(上)- 第163部分

It　was　clear　and　frosty。　Over　the　dirty；　half…dark　streets；　over　the　black　roofs　was　a　dark；　starlit　sky。　It　was　only　looking　at　the　sky　that　Pierre　forgot　the　mortifying　meanness　of　all　things　earthly　in　comparison　with　the　height　his　soul　had　risen　to。　As　he　drove　into　Arbatsky　Square；　the　immense　expanse　of　dark；　starlit　sky　lay　open　before　Pierre’s　eyes。　Almost　in　the　centre　of　it　above　the　Prechistensky　Boulevard；　surrounded　on　all　sides　by　stars；　but　distinguished　from　all　by　its　nearness　to　the　earth；　its　white　light　and　long；　upturned　tail；　shone　the　huge；　brilliant　comet　of　1812；　the　comet　which　betokened；　it　was　said；　all　manner　of　horrors　and　the　end　of　the　world。　But　in　Pierre’s　heart　that　bright　comet；　with　its　long；　luminous　tail；　aroused　no　feeling　of　dread。　On　the　contrary；　his　eyes　wet　with　tears；　Pierre　looked　joyously　at　this　bright　comet；　which　seemed　as　though　after　flying　with　inconceivable　swiftness　through　infinite　space　in　a　parabola；　it　had　suddenly；　like　an　arrow　piercing　the　earth；　stuck　fast　at　one　chosen　spot　in　the　black　sky；　and　stayed　there；　vigorously　tossing　up　its　tail；　shining　and　playing　with　its　white　light　among　the　countless　other　twinkling　stars。　It　seemed　to　Pierre　that　it　was　in　full　harmony　with　what　was　in　his　softened　and　emboldened　heart；　that　had　gained　vigour　to　blossom　into　a　new　life。


Part　Nine
Chapter　1
TOWARDS　THE　END　of　the　year　1811；　there　began　to　be　greater　activity　in　levying　troops　and　in　concentrating　the　forces　of　Western　Europe；　and　in　1812　these　forces—millions　of　men；　reckoning　those　engaged　in　the　transport　and　feeding　of　the　army—　moved　from　the　west　eastward；　towards　the　frontiers　of　Russia；　where；　since　1811；　the　Russian　forces　were　being　in　like　manner　concentrated。
On　the　12th　of　June　the　forces　of　Western　Europe　crossed　the　frontier；　and　the　war　began；　that　is；　an　event　took　place　opposed　to　human　reason　and　all　human　nature。　Millions　of　men　perpetrated　against　one　another　so　great　a　mass　of　crime—fraud；　swindling；　robbery；　forgery；　issue　of　counterfeit　money；　plunder；　incendiarism；　and　murder—that　the　annals　of　all　the　criminal　courts　of　the　world　could　not　muster　such　a　sum　of　wickedness　in　whole　centuries；　though　the　men　who　committed　those　deeds　did　not　at　that　time　look　on　them　as　crimes。
What　led　to　this　extraordinary　event？　What　were　its　causes？　Historians；　with　simple…hearted　conviction；　tell　us　that　the　causes　of　this　event　were　the　insult　offered　to　the　Duke　of　Oldenburg；　the　failure　to　maintain　the　continental　system；　the　ambition　of　Napoleon；　the　firmness　of　Alexander；　the　mistakes　of　the　diplomatists；　and　so　on。
According　to　them；　if　only　Metternich；　Rumyantsev；　or　Talleyrand　had；　in　the　interval　between　a　levée　and　a　court　ball；　really　taken　pains　and　written　a　more　judicious　diplomatic　note；　or　if　only　Napoleon　had　written　to　Alexander；　“I　consent　to　restore　the　duchy　to　the　Duke　of　Oldenburg；”　there　would　have　been　no　war。
We　can　readily　understand　that　being　the　conception　of　the　war　that　presented　itself　to　contemporaries。　We　can　understand　Napoleon’s　supposing　the　cause　of　the　war　to　be　the　intrigues　of　England　（as　he　said；　indeed；　in　St。　Helena）；　we　can　understand　how　to　the　members　of　the　English　House　of　Commons　the　cause　of　the　war　seemed　to　be　Napoleon’s　ambition；　how　to　the　Duke　of　Oldenburg　the　war　seemed　due　to　the　outrage　done　him；　how　to　the　trading　class　the　war　seemed　due　to　the　continental　system　that　was　ruining　Europe；　to　the　old　soldiers　and　generals　the　chief　reason　for　it　seemed　their　need　of　active　service；　to　the　regiments　of　the　period；　the　necessity　of　re…establishing　les　bons　principes；　while　the　diplomatists　of　the　time　set　it　down　to　the　alliance　of　Russia　with　Austria　in　1809　not　having　been　with　sufficient　care　concealed　from　Napoleon；　and　the　memorandum；　No。　178；　having　been　awkwardly　worded。　We　may　well　understand　contemporaries　believing　in　those　causes；　and　in　a　countless；　endless　number　more；　the　multiplicity　of　which　is　due　to　the　infinite　variety　of　men’s　points　of　view。　But　to　us　of　a　later　generation；　contemplating　in　all　its　vastness　the　immensity　of　the　accomplished　fact；　and　seeking　to　penetrate　its　simple　and　fearful　significance；　those　explanations　must　appear　insufficient。　To　us　it　is　inconceivable　that　millions　of　Christian　men　should　have　killed　and　tortured　each　other；　because　Napoleon　was　ambitious；　Alexander　firm；　English　policy　crafty；　and　the　Duke　of　Oldenburg　hardly　treated。　We　cannot　grasp　the　connection　between　these　circumstances　and　the　bare　fact　of　murder　and　violence；　nor　why　the　duke’s　wrongs　should　induce　thousands　of　men　from　the　other　side　of　Europe　to　pillage　and　murder　the　inhabitants　of　the　Smolensk　and　Moscow　provinces　and　to　be　slaughtered　by　them。
For　us　of　a　later　generation；　who　are　not　historians　led　away　by　the　process　of　research；　and　so　can　look　at　the　facts　with　common…sense　unobscured；　the　causes　of　this　war　appear　innumerable　in　their　multiplicity。　The　more　deeply　we　search　out　the　causes　the　more　of　them　we　discover；　and　every　cause；　and　even　a　whole　class　of　causes　taken　separately；　strikes　us　as　being　equally　true　in　itself；　and　equally　deceptive　through　its　insignificance　in　comparison　with　the　immensity　of　the　result；　and　its　inability　to　produce　（without　all　the　other　causes　that　concurred　with　it）　the　effect　that　followed。　Such　a　cause；　for　instance；　occurs　to　us　as　Napoleon’s　refusal　to　withdraw　his　troops　beyond　the　Vistula；　and　to　restore　the　duchy　of　Oldenburg；　and　then　again　we　remember　the　readiness　or　the　reluctance　of　the　first　chance　French　corporal　to　serve　on　a　second　campaign；　for　had　he　been　unwilling　to　serve；　and　a　second　and　a　third；　and　thousands　of　corporals　and　soldiers　had　shared　that　reluctance；　Napoleon’s　army　would　have　been　short　of　so　many　men；　and　the　war　could　not　have　taken　place。
If　Napoleon　had　not　taken　offence　at　the　request　to　withdraw　beyond　the　Vistula；　and　had　not　commanded　his　troops　to　advance；　there　would　have　been　no　war。　But　if　all　the　sergeants　had　been　unwilling　to　serve　on　another　campaign；　there　could　have　been　no　war　either。
And　the　war　would　not　have　been　had　there　been　no　intrigues　on　the　part　of　England；　no　Duke　of　Oldenburg；　no　resentment　on　the　part　of　Alexander；　nor　had　there　been　no　autocracy　in　Russia；　no　French　Revolution　and　consequent　dictatorship　and　empire；　nor　all　that　led　to　the　French　Revolution；　and　so　on　further　back：　without　any　one　of　those　causes；　nothing　could　have　happened。　And　so　all　those　causes—myriads　of　causes—coincided　to　bring　about　what　happened。　And　consequently　nothing　was　exclusively　the　cause　of　the　war；　and　the　war　was　bound　to　happen；　simply　because　it　was　bound　to　happen。　Millions　of　men；　repudiating　their　common…sense　and　their　human　feelings；　were　bound　to　move　from　west　to　east；　and　to　slaughter　their　fellows；　just　as　some　centuries　before　hordes　of　men　had　moved　from　east　to　west　to　slaughter　their　fellows。
The　acts　of　Napoleon　and　Alexander；　on　whose　words　it　seemed　to　depend　whether　this　should　be　done　or　not；　were　as　little　voluntary　as　the　act　of　each　soldier；　forced　to　march　out　by　the　drawing　of　a　lot　or　by　conscription。　This　could　not　be　otherwise；　for　in　order　that　the　will　of　Napoleon　and　Alexander　（on　whom　the　whole　decision　appeared　to　rest）　should　be　effective；　a　combination　of　innumerable　circumstances　was　essential；　without　any　one　of　which　the　effect　could　not　have　followed。　It　was　essential　that　the　millions　of　men　in　whose　hands　the　real　power　lay—the　soldiers　who　fired　guns　and　transported　provisions　and　cannons—should　consent　to　carry　out　the　will　of　those　feeble　and　isolated　persons；　and　that　they　should　have　been　brought　to　this　acquiescence　by　an　infinite　number　of　varied　and　complicated　causes。
We　are　forced　to　fall　back　upon　fatalism　in　history　to　explain　irrational　events　（that　is　those　of　which　we　cannot　comprehend　the　reason）。　The　more　we　try　to　explain　those　events　in　history　rationally；　the　more　irrational　and　incomprehensible　they　seem　to　us。　Every　man　lives　for　himself；　making　use　of　his　free…will　for　attainment　of　his　own　objects；　and　feels　in　his　whole　being　that　he　can　do　or　not　do　any　action。　But　as　soon　as　he　does　anything；　that　act；　committed　at　a　certain　moment　in　time；　becomes　irrevocable　and　is　the　property　of　history；　in　which　it　has　a　significance；　predestined　and　not　subject　to　free　choice。
There　are　two　aspects　to　the　life　of　every　man：　the　personal　life；　which　is　free　in　proportion　as　its　interests　are　abstract；　and　the　elemental　life　of　the　swarm；　in　which　a　man　must　inevitably　follow　the　laws　laid　down　for　him。
Consciously　a　man　lives　on　his　own　account　in　freedom　of　will；　but　he　serves　as　an　unconscious　instrument　in　bringing　about　the　historical　ends　of　humanity。　An　act　he　has　once　committed　is　irrevocable；　and　that　act　of　his；　coinciding　in　time　with　millions　of　acts　of　others；　has　an　historical　value。　The　higher　a　man’s　place　in　the　social　scale；　the　more　connections　he　has　with　others；　and　the　more　power　he　has　over　them；　the　more　conspicuous　is　the　inevitability　and　predestination　of　every　act　he　commits。　“The　hearts　of　kings　are　in　the　hand　of　God。”　The　king　is　the　slave　of　history。
History—that　is　the　unconscious　life　of　humanity　in　the　swarm；　in　the　community—makes　every　minute　of　the　life　of　kings　its　own；　as　an　instrument　for　attaining　its　ends。
Although　in　that　year；　1812；　Napoleon　believed　more　than　ever　that　to　shed　or　not　to　shed　the　blood　of　his　peoples　depended　entirely　on　his　will　（as　Alexander　said　in　his　last　letter　to　him）；　yet　then；　and　more　than　at　any　time；　he　was　in　bondage　to　those　laws　which　forced　him；　while　to　himself　he　seemed　to　be　acting　freely；　to　do　what　was　bound　to　be　his　share　in　the　common　edifice　of　humanity；　in　history。
The　people　of　the　west　moved　to　the　east　for　men　to　kill　one　another。　And　by　the　law　of　the　coincidence　of　causes；　thousands　of　petty　causes　backed　one　another　up　and　coincided　with　that　event　to　bring　about　that　movement　and　that　war：　resentment　at　the　non…observance　of　the　continental　system；　and　the　Duke　of　Oldenburg；　and　the　massing　of　troops　in　Prussia—a　measure　undertaken；　as　Napoleon　supposed；　with　the　object　of　securing　armed　peac