surprised and irritated the governor。
In later days； Count Rastoptchin； by way of explaining his action during this time； wrote several times in his notes that his two great aims at that time were to maintain tranquillity in Moscow； and to make the inhabitants go out of it。 If this twofold aim is admitted； every act of Rastoptchin’s appears irreproachable。 Why were not the holy relics； the arms； the ammunition； the powder； the stores of bread taken away？ Why were thousands of the inhabitants deceived into a belief that Moscow would not be abandoned and so ruined？ “To preserve the tranquillity of the city；” replies Count Rastoptchin’s explanation。 Why were heaps of useless papers out of the government offices and Leppich’s balloon and other objects carried away？ “To leave the town empty；” replies Count Rastoptchin’s explanation。 One has but to admit some menace to public tranquillity and every sort of action is justified。
All the horrors of terrorism were based only on anxiety for public tranquillity。
What foundation was there for Count Rastoptchin’s dread of popular disturbance in Moscow in 1812？ What reason was there for assuming a disposition to revolution in the city？ The inhabitants were leaving it； the retreating troops were filling Moscow。 Why were the mob likely to riot in consequence？
Not in Moscow only； but everywhere else in Russia nothing like riots took place at the approach of the enemy。 On the 1st and 2nd of September more than ten thousand people were left in Moscow； and except for the mob that gathered in the commander…in…chief’s courtyard； attracted there by himself； nothing happened。 It is obvious that there would have been even less ground for anticipating disturbances among the populace if； after the battle of Borodino； when the surrender of Moscow became a certainty； or at least a probability； Rastoptchin had taken steps for the removal of all the holy relics； of the powder； ammunition； and treasury； and had told the people straight out that the town would be abandoned； instead of exciting the populace by posting up placards and distributing arms。
Rastoptchin； an impulsive； sanguine man； who had always moved in the highest spheres of the administration； was a patriot in feeling； but had not the faintest notion of the character of the people he supposed himself to be governing。 From the time when the enemy first entered Smolensk； Rastoptchin had in his own imagination been playing the part of leader of popular feeling—of the heart of Russia。 He did not merely fancy—as every governing official always does fancy—that he was controlling the external acts of the inhabitants of Moscow； but fancied that he was shaping their mental attitude by means of his appeals and placards； written in that vulgar； slangy jargon which the people despise in their own class； and simply fail to understand when they hear it from persons of higher station。 The picturesque figure of leader of the popular feeling was so much to Rastoptchin’s taste； and he so lived in it； that the necessity of abandoning it； the necessity of surrendering Moscow with no heroic effect of any kind； took him quite unawares； the very ground he was standing on seemed slipping from under his feet； and he was utterly at a loss what to do。 Though he knew it was coming； he could not till the last minute fully believe in the abandonment of Moscow； and did nothing towards it。 The inhabitants left the city against his wishes。 If the courts were removed； it was only due to the insistence of the officials； to which Rastoptchin reluctantly gave way。 He was himself entirely absorbed by the role he had assumed。 As is often the case with persons of heated imagination； he had known for a long while that Moscow would be abandoned； but he had known it only with his intellect； and refused with his whole soul to believe in it； and could not mentally adapt himself to the new position of affairs。
The whole course of his painstaking and vigorous activity—how far it was beneficial or had influence on the people is another question— aimed simply at awakening in the people the feeling he was himself possessed by—hatred of the French and confidence in himself。
But when the catastrophe had begun to take its true historic proportions； when to express hatred of the French in words was plainly insufficient； when it was impossible to express that hatred even by a battle； when self…confidence was of no avail in regard to the one question before Moscow； when the whole population； as one man； abandoning their property； streamed out of Moscow； in this negative fashion giving proof of the strength of their patriotism；—then the part Rastoptchin had been playing suddenly became meaningless。 He felt suddenly deserted； weak； and absurd； with no ground to stand on。
On being waked out of his sleep to read Kutuzov’s cold and peremptory note； Rastoptchin felt the more irritated the more he felt himself to blame。 There was still left in Moscow all that was under his charge； all the government property which it was his duty to have removed to safety。 There was no possibility of getting it all away。 “Who is responsible for it？ who has let it come to such a pass？” he wondered。 “Of course； it’s not my doing。 I had everything in readiness； I held Moscow in my hand—like this！ And see what they have brought things to！ Scoundrels； traitors！” he thought； not exactly defining who were these scoundrels and traitors； but feeling a necessity to hate these vaguely imagined traitors； who were to blame for the false and ludicrous position in which he found himself。
All that night Rastoptchin was giving instructions； for which people were continually coming to him from every part of Moscow。 His subordinates had never seen the count so gloomy and irascible。
“Your excellency； they have come from the Estates Department； from the director for instructions。… From the Consistory； from the Senate； from the university； from the Foundling Hospital； the vicar has sent … he is inquiring … what orders are to be given about the fire brigade？ The overseer of the prison … the superintendent of the mad…house …” all night long； without pause； messages were being brought to the count。
To all these inquiries he gave brief and wrathful replies； the drift of which was that his instructions were now not needed； that all his careful preparations had now been ruined by somebody； and that that somebody would have to take all responsibility for anything that might happen now。
“Oh； tell that blockhead；” he replied to the inquiry from the Estates Department； “to stay and keep guard over his deeds。 Well； what nonsense are you asking about the fire brigade？ There are horses； let them go off to Vladimir。 Don’t leave them for the French。”
“Your excellency； the superintendent of the madhouse has come； what are your commands？”
“My commands？ Let them all go； that’s all。… And let the madmen out into the town。 When we have madmen in command of our armies； it seems it’s God’s will they should be free。”
To the inquiry about the convicts in the prison； the count shouted angrily to the overseer：
“What； do you want me to give you two battalions for a convoy for them； when we haven’t any battalions at all？ Let them all go； and that settles it！”
“Your excellency； there are political prisoners—Myeshkov； Vereshtchagin …”
“Vereshtchagin！ He is not yet hanged？” cried Rastoptchin。 “Send him to me。”
Chapter 25
BY NINE O’CLOCK in the morning； when the troops were moving across Moscow； people had ceased coming to Rastoptchin for instructions。 All who could get away were going without asking leave； those who stayed decided for themselves what they had better do。
Count Rastoptchin ordered his horses in order to drive to Sokolniky； and with a yellow and frowning face； sat in silence with folded arms in his study。
Every governing official in quiet； untroubled times feels that the whole population under his charge is only kept going by his efforts； and it is this sense of being indispensably necessary in which every governing official finds the chief reward for his toils and cares。 It is easy to understand that while the ocean of history is calm； the governing official holding on from his crazy little skiff by a pole to the ship of the people； and moving with it； must fancy that it is his efforts that move the ship on to which he is clinging。 But a storm has but to arise to set the sea heaving and the ship tossing upon it； and such error becomes at once impossible。 The ship goes on its vast course unchecked； the pole fails to reach the moving vessel； and the pilot； from being the master； the source of power； finds himself a helpless； weak； and useless person。
Rastoptchin felt this； and it drove him to frenzy。 The head of the police； who had got away from the crowd； went in to see him at the same time as an adjutant； who came to announce that his horses were ready。 Both were pale； and the head of the police； after reporting that he had discharged the commission given to him； informed Count Rastoptchin that there was an immense crowd of people in his courtyard wanting to see him。
Without a word in reply； Count Rastoptchin got up and walked with rapid steps to his light； sumptuously furnished drawing…room。 He went up to the balcony door； took hold of the door…handle； let go of it； and moved away to the window； from which the whole crowd could be better seen。 The tall young fellow was standing in the front； and with a severe face； waving his arms and saying something。 The blood…bespattered smith stood beside him with a gloomy air。 Through the closed windows could be heard the roar of voices。
“Is the carriage ready？” said Rastoptchin； moving back from the window。
“Yes； your excellency；” said the adjutant。
Rastoptchin went again to the balcony door。
“Why； what is it they want？” he asked the head of the police。
“Your excellency； they say they have come together to go to fight the French； by your orders； they were shouting something about treachery。 But it is an angry crowd； your excellency。 I had much ado to get away。 If I may venture to suggest； your excellency …”
“Kindly leave me； I know what to do without your assistance；” cried Rastoptchin angrily。 He stood at the door of the balcony looking