vill3- 第21部分

105。　Custumals　of　Battle　Abbey　（Camd。　Soc。）；　p。　122

106。　Black　Book　of　Peterborough　（Camden　Ser。）；　164：　'In　Scotere　et　Scaletoys　sunt　undecim　carrucatae　ad　geldum　Regis　et　24　plenarii　villani。。。　Plenarii　villani　operantur　duobus　diebus　in　ebdomada。。。　Et　ibi　sunt　29　sochemanni　et　operantur　uno　die　in　ebdomada　pertotum　annum　et　in　Augusto　duobus　diebus。　Et　isti　villani　et　omnes　sochemanni　habent　21　carrucas　et　omnes　arant　una　vice　ad　hyvernage　et　una　ad　tremeis。'

Chapter　4

The　Lord；　His　Servants　and　Free　Tenants

　　　　Descriptions　of　English　rural　arrangements　in　the　age　we　are　studying　always　suppose　the　country　to　be　divided　into　manors；　and　each　of　these　manors　to　consist　of　a　central　portion　called　the　demesne；　and　of　a　cluster　of　holdings　in　different　tributary　relations　to　this　central　portion。　Whether　we　take　the　Domesday　Survey；　or　the　Hundred　Rolls；　or　the　Custumal　of　some　monastic　institution；　or　the　extent　of　lands　belonging　to　some　deceased　lay　lord；　we　shall　again　and　again　meet　the　same　typical　arrangement。　I　do　not　say　that　there　are　no　instances　swerving　from　this　beaten　track；　and　that　other　arrangements　never　appear　in　our　records。　Still　the　general　system　is　found　to　be　such　as　I　have　just　mentioned；　and　a　very　peculiar　system　it　is；　equally　different　from　the　ancient　latifundia　or　modern　plantations　cultivated　by　gangs　of　labourers　working　on　a　large　scale　and　for　distant　markets；　from　peasant　ownership　scattered　into　small　and　self…dependent　households；　and　even　from　the　conjunction　between　great　property　and　farms　taken　on　lease　and　managed　as　separate　units　of　cultivation。　　　　　The　characteristic　feature　of　the　medieval　system　is　the　close　connexion　between　the　central　and　dominant　part　and　the　dependent　bodies　arranged　around　it。　We　have　had　occasion　to　speak　in　some　detail　of　these　tributary　bodies　　it　is　time　to　see　how　the　lord's　demesne　which　acted　as　their　centre　was　constituted。　　　　　Bracton　mentions　as　the　distinguishing　trait　of　the　demesne；　that　it　is　set　aside　for　the　lord's　own　use；　and　ministers　to　the　wants　of　his　household。（1*）　Therefore　it　is　sometimes　called　in　English　'Board　Lands。'　The　definition　is　not　complete；　however；　because　all　land　occupied　by　the　owner　himself　must　be　included　under　the　name　of　demesne；　although　its　produce　may　be　destined　not　for　his　personal　use；　but　for　the　market。　'Board　lands'　are　only　one　species　of　domanial　land；　so　also　are　the　'Husfelds'　mentioned　in　a　charter　quoted　by　Madox。（2*）　This　last　term　only　points　to　its　relation　to　the　house；　that　is　the　manorial　house。　And　both　denominations　are　noteworthy　for　their　very　incompleteness；　which　testifies　indirectly　to　the　restricted　area　and　to　the　modest　aims　of　domanial　cultivation。　Usually　it　lies　in　immediate　connexion　with　the　manorial　house；　and　produces　almost　exclusively　for　home　consumption。　　　　　This　is　especially　true　as　to　the　arable；　which　generally　forms　the　most　important　part　of　the　whole　demesne　land。　There　is　no　exit　for　a　corn　trade；　and　therefore　everybody　raises　corn　for　his　own　use；　and　possibly　for　a　very　restricted　local　market。　Even　great　monastic　houses　hold　only　300　or　400　acres　in　the　home　farm；　very　rarely　the　number　rises　to　600；　and　a　thousand　acres　of　arable　in　one　manor　is　a　thing　almost　unheard　of。（3*）　Husbandry　on　a　large　scale　appears　only　now　and　then　in　places　where　sheep…farming　prevails；　in　Wiltshire　for　instance。　Exceptional　value　is　set　on　the　demesne　when　fisheries　are　connected　with　it　or　salt　found　on　it。（4*）　　　　　The　following　description　of　Bockyng　in　Essex；（5*）　a　manor　belonging　to　the　Chapter　of　Christ　Church；　Canterbury；　may　serve　as　an　example　of　the　distribution　and　relative　value　of　demesne　soil。　The　cartulary　from　which　it　is　drawn　was　compiled　in　1309。　　　　　The　manorial　house　and　close　cover　five　acres。　The　grass　within　its　precincts　which　may　serve　as　food　for　cattle　is　valued　at　8d。　a　year。　Corn　is　also　sold　there　to　the　value　of　12d。　a　year；　sometimes　more　and　sometimes　less；　according　to　the　quantity　sown。　The　orchard　provides　fruit　and　vegetables　worth　13s。　4d。　a　year；　the　duty　levied　from　the　swine　gives　6d。　　　　　The　pigeon…house　is　worth　4d。　　　　　Two　mills；　7l。　Is。　8d　　　　　A　fishery；　12d。　　　　　A　wood　called　Brekyng　Park；　containing　480　acres；　and　the　brushwood　there　is　worth　40s。　　　　　Grass　in　the　wood　12d。；　because　it　grows　only　in　a　few　places。　　　　　Pannage　duty　from　the　swine；　10s。　　　　　Another　wood　called　Le　Flox　contains　10　acres；　and　the　brushwood　is　worth　6d。　　　　　Pannage　from　the　swine；　6d。　　　　　Grass；　6d。　　　　　Arable；　in　all　fields；　510　acres；　the　acre　being　assessed　at　6d。　all　round。　　　　　Each　plough　may　easily　till　one　acre　a　day；　if　four　horses　and　two　oxen　are　put　to　it。　　　　　Two　meadows；　one　containing　eight　acres；　of　which　every　single　acre　yields　4s。　a　year；　the　other　meadow　contains　seven　acres　of　similar　value。　　　　　Pasture　in　severalty　　30　acres；　at　12d。　an　acre。　　　　　Of　these；　16　acres　are　set　apart　for　oxen　and　horses；　and　14　for　cows。　　　　　Some　small　particles　of　pasture　leased　out　to　the　tenants；　4s。　　　　　The　prior　and　the　convent　are　lords　of　the　common　pasture　in　Bockyng；　and　may　send　100　sheep　to　these　commons；　and　to　the　fields　when　not　under　crop。　Value　20s。　　　　　As　important　an　item　in　the　cultivation　of　the　home　farm　as　the　soil　itself　is　afforded　by　the　plough…teams。　The　treatises　on　husbandry　give　very　minute　observations　on　their　composition　and　management。　And　almost　always　we　find　the　manorial　teams　supplemented　by　the　consuetudines　villae；　that　is　by　the　customary　work　performed　on　different　days　by　the　peasantry。（6*）　As　to　this　point　the　close　connexion　between　demesne　and　tributary　land　is　especially　clear；　but　after　all　that　has　been　said　in　the　preceding　chapter　it　is　hardly　necessary　to　add　that　it　was　not　only　the　ploughing…work　that　was　carried　on　by　the　lord　with　the　help　of　his　subjects。　　　　　As　a　matter　of　fact；　villages　without　a　manorial　demesne　or　without　some　dependence　from　it　are　found　only　exceptionally　and　in　those　parts　of　England　where　the　free　population　had　best　kept　its　hold　on　the　land；　and　where　the　power　of　the　lord　was　more　a　political　than　an　economical　one　（Norfolk　and　Suffolk；　Lincoln；　Northumberland；　Westmoreland；　etc。（7*））。　And　there　are　hardly　any　cases　at　all　of　the　contrary；　that　is　of　demesne　land　spreading　over　the　whole　of　a　manor。　Tillingham；　a　manor　of　St。　Paul's；　London；　comes　very　near　it：（8*）　it　contains　300　acres　as　home　farm；　and　only　30　acres　of　villain　land。　But　as　a　set…off；　a　considerable　part　of　the　demesne　is　distributed　to　small　leaseholders。　　　　　It　must　be　noted　that；　as　a　general　rule；　the　demesne　arable　of　the　manor　did　not　lie　in　one　patch　apart　from　the　rest；　but　consisted　of　strips　intermixed　with　those　of　the　community。（9*）　This　fact　would　show　by　itself　that　the　original　system；　according　to　which　property　and　husbandry　were　arranged　in　manorial　groups；　was　based　on　a　close　connexion　between　the　domanial　and　the　tributary　land。　We　might　even　go　further　and　point　out　that　the　mere　facilities　of　intercourse　and　joint　work　are　not　sufficient　to　account　for　this　intermixture　of　the　strips　of　the　lord　and　of　the　homage。　The　demesne　land　appears　in　fact　as　a　share　in　the　association　of　the　village；　a　large　share　but　still　one　commensurate　with　the　other　holdings。　In　two　respects　this　subjection　to　a　higher　unit　must　necessarily　follow　from　the　intermixture　of　strips：　inasmuch　as　the　demesne　consists　of　plots　scattered　in　the　furlongs　of　the　township；　it　does　not　appropriate　the　best　soil　or　the　best　situation；　but　has　to　gather　its　component　parts　in　all　the　varied　combinations　in　which　the　common　holdings　have　to　take　theirs。　And　besides　this；　the　demesne　strips　were　evidently　meant　to　follow　the　same　course　of　husbandry　as　the　land　immediately　adjoining　them；　and　to　lapse　into　undivided　use　with　such　land　when　the　'defence'　season　was　over。　Separate　or　private　patches　exempted　from　the　general　arrangement　are　to　be　found　on　many　occasions；　but　the　usual　treatment　of　demesne　land　in　the　thirteenth　century　is　certainly　more　in　conformity　with　the　notion　that　the　lord's　land　is　only　one　of　the　shares　in　the　higher　group　of　the　village　community。　　　　　The　management　of　the　estate；　the　collection　of　revenue；　the　supervision　of　work；　the　police　duties　incumbent　on　the　manor；　etc。；　required　a　considerable　number　of　foremen　and　workmen　of　different　kinds。（10*）　Great　lords　usually　confided　the　general　supervision　of　their　estates　to　a　seneschal；　steward　or　head　manager；　who　had　to　represent　the　lord　for　all　purposes；　to　preside　at　the　manorial　courts；　to　audit　accounts；　to　conduct　sworn　inquests　and　extents；　and　to　decide　as　to　the　general　husbandry　arrangements。　In　every　single　manor　we　find　two　persons　of　authority。　The　bailiff　or　beadle　was　an　outsider　appointed　by　the　lord；　and　had　to　look　to　the　interests　of　his　employer；　to　collect　rents　and　enforce　duties；　to　manage　the　home　farm；　to　take　care　of　the　domanial　cattle；　of　the　buildings；　agricultural　implements；　etc。　These　functions　were　often　conferred　by　agreement　in　consideration　of　a　fixed　rent；　and　in　this　case　the　steward　or　beadle　took　the　name　of　firmarius。（11*）　By　his　side　appears　the　reeve；　or　praepositus；　nominated　from　among　the　peasants　of　a　particular　township；　and　mostly　chosen　by　them。（12*）　Manorial　instructions　add　sometimes　that　no　villain　has　a　right　to　hold　aloof　from　such　an　appointment；　if　it　is　conferred　on　him。（13*）　The　reeve　acts　as　the　representative　of　the　village　community；　as　well　in　regard　to　the　lord　as　on　public　occasions。　He　must；　of　course；　render　help　to　the　steward　in　all　the　various　duties　of　the　latter。　The　reeve　has　more　especially　to　superintend　the　performance　of　labour　imposed　on　the　peasantry。　Manorial　ploughings；　reapings；　and　the　other　like　operations　are　conducted　by　him；　sometimes　with　the　help　of　the　free　tenants　in　the　place。　Of　the　public　duties　of　the　reeve　we　have　had　occasion　to　speak。　Four　men；　acting　as　representatives　of　the　village；　accompany　him。　　　　　Next　after　the　reeve　comes；　on　large　estates；　the　messor；　who　takes　charge　of　the　harvest；　and　sometimes　acts　as　collector　of　fines　imposed　for　the　benefit　of　the　lord。（14*）　The　akermanni　or　carucarii　are　the　leaders　of　the　unwieldy　plough