vill3- 第34部分

nt　in　the　conveyancing　business　as　the　lord　and　his　steward；　although　the　legal。　theory　of　modern　times　has　affected　to　take　into　account　only　these　latter。（57*）　Indeed；　it　is　the　part　assumed　by　the　court　which　appears　as　the　distinctive；　if　not　the　more　important　factor。　A　feoffment　of　land　made　on　the　basis　of　free　tenure　proceeds　from　the　grantor　in　the　same　way　as　a　grant　on　the　conditions　of　base　tenure；　freehold　comes　from　the　lord；　as　well　as　copyhold。　But　copyhold　is　necessarily　transferred　in　court；　while　freehold　is　not。　And　if　we　speak　of　the　presentment　of　offences　through　the　representatives　of　townships；　as　of　the　practice　of　communal　accusation；　even　so　we　have　to　call　the　title　by　which　copyhold　tenure　is　created　a　claim　based　on　communal　testimony。　　　　　All　the　points　noticed　in　the　rolls　of　manors　held　at　common　law　are　to　be　found　on　the　soil　of　ancient　demesne；　but　they　are　stated　more　definitely　there；　and　the　rights　of　the　peasant　population　are　asserted　with　greater　energy。　Our　previous　analysis　of　the　condition　of　ancient　demesne　has　led　us　to　the　conclusion；　that　it　presents　a　crystallisation　of　the　manorial　community　in　an　earlier　stage　of　development　than　in　the　ordinary　manor；　but　that　the　constitutive　elements　in　both　cases　are　exactly　the　same。　For　this　reason；　every　question　arising　in　regard　to　the　usual　arrangements　ought　to　be　examined　in　the　light　of　the　evidence　that　comes　from　the　ancient　demesne。　　　　　We　have　seen　that　it　would　be　impossible　to　maintain　that　originally　the　steward　was　the　only　judge　of　the　manorial　tribunal；　the　whole　court　with　its　free　and　unfree　suitors　participates　materially　in　the　administration　of　justice；　and　its　office　is　extended　to　questions　of　law　as　well　as　to　issues　of　fact。　On　the　other　hand；　it　was　clear　that　the　steward　and　the　lord　were　already　preparing　the　position　which　they　ultimately　assumed　in　legal　theory；　that　in　the　exercise　of　their　functions　they　were　beginning　to　monopolise　the　power　of　ultimate　decision　and　to　restrict　the　court　to　the　duty　of　preliminary　presentment。　The　same　parties　are　in　presence　in　the　court　of　ancient　demesne；　but　the　right　of　the　suitors　has　been　summed　up　by　legal　theory　in　quite　the　opposite　direction。　The　suitors　are　said　to　be　the　judges　there；　legal　dogmatism　has　set　up　its　hard　and　fast　definitions；　and　drawn　its　uncompromising　conclusions　as　if　all　the　historical　facts　had　always　been　arrayed　against　each　other　without　the　possibility　of　common　origins　and　gradual　development。　Is　it　necessary　to　say　that　the　historical　reality　was　very　far　from　presenting　that　neat　opposition？　The　ancient　demesne　suitors　are　villains　in　the　main；　though　privileged　in　many　respects；　and　the　lord　and　steward　are　not　always　playing　such　a　subordinate　part　that　one　may　not　notice　the　transition　to　the　state　of　things　that　exists　in　common　law　manors。　It　is　curious；　anyhow；　that　later　jurisprudence　was　driven　to　set　up　as　to　the　ancient　demesne　court　a　rule　which　runs　exactly　parallel　to　the　celebrated　theory　that　there　must　be　a　plurality　of　free　tenants　to　constitute　a　manor。　Coke　expresses　it　in　the　following　way：　'There　cannot　be　ancient　demesne　unless　there　is　a　court　and　suitors。　So　if　there　be　but　one　suitor；　for　that　the　suitors　are　the　judges；　and　therefore　the　demandant　must　sue　at　common　law；　there　being　a　failure　of　justice　within　the　manor。'（58*）　We　shall　have　to　speak　of　this　rule　again　when　treating　of　classes　in　regard　to　manorial　organisation。　But　let　us　notice；　even　now；　that　in　this　view　of　the　ancient　demesne　court　the　suitors　are　considered　as　the　cardinal　element　of　its　constitution。　The　same　notion　may　be　found　already　in　trials　of　the　fourteenth　and　even　of　the　thirteenth　century。　A　curious　case　is　reported　in　the　Year　Books　of　11/12　Edw。　III。（59*）　Herbert　of　St。　Quentyn　brought　a　writ　of　false　judgment　against　John　of　Batteley　and　his　wife；　the　judgment　having　been　given　in　the　court　of　Cookham；　an　ancient　demesne　manor。　The　suitors；　or　suit…holders　as　they　were　called　there；　sent　up　their　record　to　the　King's　Bench；　and　many　things　were　brought　forward　against　the　conduct　of　the　case　by　the　counsel　for　the　plaintiff；　the　defendant　trying　to　shield　himself　by　pleading　the　custom　of　the　manor　to　account　for　all　unusual　practices。　The　judges　find；　however；　that　one　point　at　least　cannot　be　defended　on　that　ground。　The　suitors　awarded　default　against　the　plaintiff　because　he　had　not　appeared　in　person　before　them；　and　had　sent　an　attorney；　who　had　been　admitted　by　the　steward　alone　and　not　in　full　court。　Stonor；　C。　J。；　remarks；　'that　it　is　against　law　that　the　person　who　holds　the　court　is　not　suffered　to　record　an　attorney　for　a　plea　which　will　be　discussed　before　him。'　The　counsel　for　the　plaintiff　offer　to　prove　that　the　custom　of　the　manor　did　not　exclude　an　attorney　appointed　before　the　steward；　on　condition　that　the　steward　should　tell　it　to　the　suitors　in　the　next　court　after　receiving　him。　The　case　is　interesting；　not　merely　because　it　exhibits　the　suit…holders　in　the　undisputed　position　of　judges；　but　also　because　it　shows　the　difficulties　created　by　the　presence　of　the　second　element　of　the　manorial　system；　the　seignorial　element；　which　would　neither　fit　exactly　into　an　entirely　communal　organisation　nor　be　ousted　from　it。（60*）　The　difficulty　stands　quite　on　the　same　line　with　that　which　meets　us　in　the　common　law　manor；　where　the　element　of　the　communal　assessors　has　been　ultimately　suppressed　and　conjured　away；　as　it　were；　by　legal　theory。　The　results　are　contradictory；　but　on　the　same　line；　as　I　say。　And　the　more　we　go　back　in　time；　the　more　we　find　that　both　elements；　the　lord　and　the　community；　are　equally　necessary　to　the　constitution　of　the　court。　In　the　thirteenth　century　we　find　already　that　the　manorial　bailiffs　are　made　responsible　for　the　judgment　along　with　the　suitors　and　even　before　them。（61*）　　　　　The　rolls　of　ancient　demesne　manors　present　a　considerable　variety　of　types；　shading　off　from　an　almost　complete　independence　of　the　suitors　to　forms　which　are　not　very　different　from　those　of　common　law　manors。　Stoneleigh　may　be　taken　as　a　good　specimen　of　the　first　class。　　　　　The　manor　was　divided　into　six　hamlets；　and　every　one　of　these　consisted　of　eight　virgates　of　land　which　were　originally　held　by　single　socmen；　although　the　regularity　of　the　arrangement　seems　to　have　been　broken　up　very　soon　in　consequence　of　increase　of　population；　extension　of　the　cultivated　area；　and　the　sale　of　small　parcels　of　the　holdings。　The　socmen　met　anciently　to　hold　courts　in　a　place　called　Motstowehill；　and　afterwards　in　a　house　which　was　built　for　the　purpose　by　the　Abbot。　The　way　in　which　the　Register　speaks　of　the　ad　mission　of　a　socman　to　his　holding　is　very　characteristic：　'Every　heir　succeeding　to　his　father　ought　to　be　admitted　to　the　succession　in　his　fifteenth　year；　and　let　him　pay　relief　to　the　lord；　that　is；　pay　twice　his　rent。　And　he　will　give　judgments　with　his　peers　the　socmen；　and　become　reeve　for　the　collection　of　the　lord's　revenue；　and　answer　to　writs　and　do　everything　else　as　if　he　was　of　full　age　at　common　law。'　The　duty　and　right　to　give　judgment　in　the　Court　of　Stoneleigh　is　emphatically　stated　on　several　occasions；　and　altogether　the　jurisdictional　independence　of　the　court　and　of　its　suitors　is　set　before　us　in　the　smallest　but　always　significant　details。　If　somebody　is　bringing　a　royal　close　writ　of　right　directed　to　the　bailiffs　of　the　manor　it　cannot　be　opened　unless　in　full　court。　When　the　bailiff　has　to　summon　anybody　by　order　of　the　court　he　takes　two　socmen　to　witness　the　summons。　Whenever　a　trial　is　terminated　either　by　some　one's　default　in　making　his　law　or　by　non…defence　the　costs　are　to　be　taxed　by　the　court。　The　alienation　of　land　and　admittance　of　strangers　are　allowed　only　upon　the　express　consent　of　the　court。（62*）　In　one　word；　every　page　of　the　Stoneleigh　Register　shows　a　closely　and　powerfully　organised　community；　of　which　the　lord　is　merely　a　president。　　　　　The　rolls　of　King's　Ripton　are　not　less　explicit　in　this　respect。　People　are　fined　for　selling　land　without　the　licence　of　the　court；　for　selling　it　'outside　the　court。'（63*）　The　judgment　depends　entirely　on　the　verdict　given　by　the　community　of　suitors　or　its　representatives　the　jurors。　When　the　parties　rely　on　some　former　decision；　arrangement；　or　statement　of　law；　they　appeal　to　the　rolls　of　the　court；　which；　as　has　been　said　already；　present　nothing　else　but　the　recorded　jurisprudence　of　the　body　of　suitors。（64*）　The　extent　of　the　legal　self…government　of　this　little　community　may　be　well　seen　in　the　record　of　a　trial　in　which　the　Abbot　of　Ramsey；　the　lord　of　the　manor；　is　impleaded　upon　a　little　writ　of　right　by　one　of　his　tenants。（65*）　But　it　is　hardly　necessary　to　dwell　on　so　normal　an　event。　I　should　like　to　take　up　for　once　the　opposite　standpoint；　and　to　show　that　in　these　very　communities　on　the　ancient　demesne　elements　are　apparent　which　have　thrived　and　developed　in　ordinary　manors　to　such　an　extent　as　to　obscure　their　self…government。　In　the　Rolls　of　King's　Ripton　we　might　easily　notice　a　number　of　instances　in　which　the　influence　of　the　lord　makes　itself　felt　directly　or　indirectly　through　the　means　of　his　steward。　We　come；　for　instance；　on　the　following　forms　of　pleading：　An　action　of　dower　is　brought；　and　the　defendants　ask　that　the　laws　and　customs　hitherto　used　in　the　court　should　be　observed　in　regard　to　them　　they　have　a　right　to　three　summonses；　three　distraints；　and　three　essoins；　and　if　they　make　default　after　that；　the　land　ought　to　be　taken　into　the　lord's　hand；　when；　but　only　if　it　is　not　replevied　in　the　course　of　fifteen　days；　it　will　be　lost　for　good　and　all。　All　these　demands　are　granted　by　the　steward；　with　whom　the　decision；　at　least　formally；　rests。（66*）　Again；　when　we　hear　that　the　whole　court　craves　leave　to　defer　its　judgment　till　the　next　meeting；　it　is　clear　that　it　rests　with　the　steward　to　grant　this　request。（67*）　We　may　find　now　and　then　a　consideration　for　the　interests　of　the　lord　which　transcends　the　limits　of　mere　formal　right；　as　in　a　case　where　a　certain　Margery　asks　the　court；　without　any　writ　of　right　or　formal　action；　that　an　inquest　may　be　held　as　to　a　part　of　her　messuage　whic