vill3- 第39部分

67。　Seld。　Soc。　ii。　III。

68。　Augment。　Court　Rolls；　Portf　xxiii。　No。　94；　m。　25　v。　（the　entry　is　not　in　the　Selden　volume）：　'Margeria　que　fuit　uxor　Nicholai　de　Aula　de　Kingesripton　venit　et　petit　unum　parvum　mesuagium　existens　in　manu　domini　quod　quondam　fuit　de　mesuagio　Suo　proprio　et　quod　ipsa　Margeria　singulis　annis　defendit　versus　dominum　Abbatem；　unde　petit　quod　ius　suum　super　hoc　inquiratur　per　bonam　inquisicionem。　Que　venit　et　dicit。。。　Et　ideo　preceptum　eidem　quod　inde　habeat　colloquium　cum　domino。　Et　postea　colloquio　habito　cum　domino　concessum　est　ei　quod　pacifice　habeat　faciendo　seruicia　inde　debita　et　consueta。'

69。　Selden　Soc。　ii。　127。

70。　Selden　Soc。　ii。　173。

71。　Ibid。　94：　'Reginaldus　fil。　Benedicti　injuste　dedicit　esse　unus　de　12　jurator　ibus　allegando　libertatem。。。　Dicunt　eciam　quod　Willelmus　de　Bernewell　injuste　allegat　libertatem　propter　quam　contradicit　esse　unus　de　juratis。'　Cf　Cor。　Rege　incerti　anni　Johann。　5：　Predecessores　sui　et　ipse　tenuerunt　liberum　tcnementum　et　quod　quidam　ex　juratis　sunt　consuetudinarii　monialium。'　Cor。　Rege　Pascha；　9　Edw。　I；　34；　b：　'（Amerciamentum　sochemanni）　per　pares　vel　per　liberos　de　curia　et　vicinos　ad　curiam　venientes。'

72。　Hereford　Rolls　（Bodleian）；　12：　'Compertum　per　libere　tenentes　quod　custumarii　falso　presentant。。。　ideo　custumarii　in　misericordia。'　Rot。　Hundr。　ii。　469：　'Quatuor　homines　et　prepositus　presentabant　defaltas　predictis　liberis　hominibus　et　ipsi　liberi　presentabant　ballivis。'

73。　Seld。　Soc。　ii。　44。

74。　Introduction　to　Seld。　Soc。　ii。　p。　lxx。

75。　Seld。　Soc。　ii。　67。

76。　Ibid。　164。

77。　See　as　to　all　this　Mr　Maitland's　Introduction　to　the　Selden　volume　（ii）；　pp　lxix；　lxx。

78。　Introd。　to　Selden　Soc。　ii。　p。　lxi；　and　following。　Comp。　Coram　Rege；　27　Henry　III；　2：　'Dicunt　quod　non　est　aliquis　liber　homo　in　eodem　manerio　nisi　Willelmus　filius　Radulfi　qui　respondet　infra　corpus　comnitatus。'

79。　Y。B。　21…22　Edw。　I；　526　（Rolls　Series）。

80。　Comp。　Mr　Maitland　in　his　often…quoted　Introduction；　p。　lxxi。

81。　Introduction　to　Seld。　Soc。　ii。　p。　lxvi。

82。　Archaeologia；　vol。　47；　p。　27；　and　following。

83。　Rot。　Hundr。；　Cartulary　of　Ramsey；　i。

84。　Gomme；　Village　Community；　162；　etc。

85。　Cart。　of　Malmesbury　（Rolls　Ser。）；　ii；　221。

86。　A　very　good　case　in　point　is　presented　by　Hitchin；　because　the　boundaries　and　the　jurisdiction　of　the　manor　comprise　a　great　number　of　villages　and　hamlets　which　managed　their　open　fields　quite　independently　of　the　central　township　of　Hitchin；　and　could　not　but　do　so；　as　they　lay　quite　apart　and　a　good　way　from　it；　as　may　be　seen　on　the　Ordnance　Map。　And　still　the　manor　comprises；　the　township　of　Hitchin　and　the　hamlet　of　Walsworth；　the　lesser　manors　of　the　Rectory　of　Hitchin；　of　Moremead；　otherwise　Charlton；　and　of　the　Priory　of　the　Biggin；　being　comprehended　within　the　boundaries　of　the　said　manor　of　Hitchin；　which　also　extends　into　the　hamlets　of　Langley　and　Preston　in　the　said　parish　of　Hitchin；　and　into　the　parishes　of　Ickleford；　Ipolitts；　Kimpton；　Kingswalden；　and　Offley。'　（Seebohm；　Village　Community；　443；　444：）　As　Mr　Seebohm　tells　me；　the　con。　trast　between　the　central　portion；　that　of　the　township；　managed　in　one　open　field　system；　and　the　outlying　parts；　is　probably　reflected　in　the　curious　denominations　of　the　manor　as　Portman　and　Foreign。　It　is　well　known　how　frequently　our　surveys　mention　hamlets；　in　many　cases　these　annexes　of　townships　arc　so　widely　scattered；　that　it　would　be　impossible　to　suppose　one　open　field　system　for　them。

87。　Seld。　Soc。　ii。　68；　90。

88。　lbid。　162；　I66。

89。　Introd。　to　Seld。　Soc。　ii。　p。　xxxix。


Chapter　6

The　Manor　and　the　Village　Community

Conclusions

　　　　If　we　look　at　the　village　life　of　mediaeval　England；　not　for　the　purpose　of　dissecting　it　into　its　constitutive　elements；　but　in　order　that　we　may　detect　the　principles　that　hold　it　together　and　organise　it　as　a　whole；　we　shall　be　struck　by　several　features　which　make　it　quite　unlike　the　present　arrangement　of　rural　society。　Even　a　casual　observer　will　not　fail　to　perceive　the　contrast　which　it　presents　to　that　free　play　of　individual　interests　and　that　undisputed　supremacy　of　the　state　in　political　matters；　which　are　so　characteristic　of　the　present　time。　And　on　the　other　hand　there　is　just　as　sharp　a　contrast　between　the　manorial　system　and　a　system　of　tribal　relationships　based　on　blood　relationship　and　its　artificial　outgrowths；　and　yet　again　it　may　be　contrasted　with　a　village　community　built　upon　the　basis　of　equal　partnership　among　free　members。　It　is　evident；　at　the　same　time；　that　such　differences；　deep　though　they　are；　cannot　be　treated　as　primordial　and　absolute　divisions。　All　these　systems　are　but　stages　of　development；　after　all；　and　the　most　important　problem　concerning　them　is　the　problem　of　their　origins　and　mutual　relations。　The　main　road　towards　its　solution　lies　undoubtedly　through　the　demesne　of　strictly　historical　investigation。　Should　we　succeed　in　tracing　with　clearness　the　consecutive　stages　of　the　process　and　the　intermediate　links　between　them；　the　most　important　part　of　the　work　will　have　been　done。　This　is　simple　enough；　and　seems　hardly　worth　mentioning。　But　things　are　not　so　plain　as　they　look。　　　　　To　begin　with；　even　a　complete　knowledge　of　the　sequence　of　events　would　not　be　sufficient　since　it　would　merely　present　a　series　of　arrangements　following　upon　each　other　in　time　and　not　a　chain　of　causes　and　effects。　We　cannot　exempt　ourselves　from　the　duty　of　following　up　the　investigation　by　speculations　as　to　the　agencies　and　motives　which　produced　the　changes。　But　even　apart　from　the　necessity　of　taking　up　ultimately　what　one　may　call　the　dynamic　thread　of　the　inquiry；　there　is　considerable　difficulty。　In　obtaining　a　tolerably　settled　sequence　of　general　facts　to　start　with。　Any　one　who　has　had　to　do　with　such　studies　knows　how　scanty　the　information　about　the　earlier　phenomena　is　apt　to　be；　how　difficult　it　is　to　distinguish　between　the　main　forms　and　the　variations　which　mediate　and　lead　from　one　to　another。　The　task　of　settling　a　definite　theory　of　development　would　not　have　been　so　arduous；　and　the　conflicting　views　of　scholars　would　not　have　suggested　such　directly　opposite　results；　if　the　early　data　had　not　been　so　scattered　and　so　ambiguous。　The　state　of　the　existing　material　requires　a　method　of　treatment　which　may　to　some　extent　supplement　the　defects　in　the　evidence。　The　later　and　well…recorded　period　ought　to　be　made　to　supply　additional　information　as　to　the　earlier　and　imperfectly　described　ones。　It　is　from　this　point　of　view　that　we　must　once　more　survey　the　ground　that　we　have　been　exploring　in　the　foregoing　pages。　　　　　The　first　general　feature　that　meets　our　eye　is　the　cultivation　of　arable　on　the　open…field　system：　the　land　tilled　is　not　parcelled　up　by　enclosures；　but　lies　open　through　the　whole　or　the　greater　part　of　the　year；　the　plot　held　and　tilled　by　a　single　cultivator　is　not　a　compact　piece；　but　is　composed　of　strips　strewn　about　in　all　parts　of　the　village　fields　and　intermixed　with　patches　or　strips　possessed　by　fellow　villagers。　Now；　both　facts　are　remarkable。　They　do　not　square　at　all　with　the　rules　and　tendencies　of　private　ownership　and　individualistic　husbandry。　The　individual　proprietor　will　naturally　try　to　fence　in　his　plot　against　strangers；　to　set　up　hedges　and　walls　that　would　render　trespassing　over　his　ground　difficult；　if　not　impossible。　And　he　could　not　but　consider　intermixture　as　a　downright　nuisance；　and　strive　by　all　means　in　his　power　to　get　rid　of　it。　Why　should　he　put　up　with　the　inconvenience　of　holding　a　bundle　of　strips　lying　far　apart　from　each　other；　more　or　less　dependent　because　of　their　narrowness　on　the　dealings　of　neighbours；　who　may　be　untidy　and　unthrifty？　Instead　of　having　one　block　of　soil　to　look　to　and　a　comparatively　short　boundary　to　maintain；　every　occupier　has　a　number　of　scattered　pieces　to　care　for；　and　neighbours；　who　not　only　surround；　but　actually　cut　up；　dismember；　invade　his　tenement。　The　open…field　system　stands　in　glaring　contradiction　with　the　present　state　of　private　rights　in　Western　Europe；　and　no　wonder　that　it　has　been　abolished　everywhere；　except　on　some　few　tracts　of　land　kept　back　by　geographical　conditions　from　joining　the　movement　of　modern　civilisation。　And　even　in　mediaeval　history　we　perceive　that　the　arrangement　does　not　keep　its　hold　on　those　occasions　when　the　rights　of　individuals。　are　strongly　felt：　it　gives　way　on　the　demesne　farm　and　on　newly　reclaimed　land。　　　　　At　the　same　time；　the　absence　of　perpetual　enclosures　and　the　intermixture　of　strips　are　in　a　general　way　quite　prevalent　at　the　present　time　in　the　East　of　Europe。　What　conditions　do　they　correspond　to？　Why　have　nations　living　in　very　different　climates　and　on　very　different　soils　adopted　the　open…field　system　again　and　again　in　spite　of　all　inconveniences　and　without　having　borrowed　it　from　each　other？　　　　　There　is　absolutely　nothing　in　the　manorial　arrangement　to　occasion　this　curious　system。　It　is　not　the　fact　that　peasant　holdings　are　made　subservient　to　the　wants　of　the　lord's　estate；　that　can　explain　why　early　agriculture　is　in　the　main　a　culture　of　open　fields　and　involves　a　marvellous　intermixture　of　rights。　The　absence　of　any　logical　connexion　between　these　two　things　settles　the　question　as　to　historical　influence。　The　open…field　arrangement　is；　I　repeat　it；　no　lax　or　indifferent　system；　but　stringent　and　highly　peculiar。　And　so　it　cannot　but　proceed　from　some　pressing　necessity。　　　　　It　is　evidently　communal　in　its　very　essence。　Every　trait　that　makes　it　strange　and　inconvenient　from　the　point　of　view　of　individualistic　interests；　renders　it　highly　appropriate　to　a　state　of　things　ruled　by　communal　conceptions。　It　is　difficult　to　prevent　trespasses　upon　an　open　plot；　but　the　plot　must　be　open；　if　many　people　besides　the　tiller　have　rights　over　it；　pasture　rights；　for　instance。　It　involves　great　loss　of　time　and　difficulty　of　supervision　to　work　a　property　that　lies　in　thirty　separate　pieces　all　over　the　territory　of　a　village；　but　such　a　disposition　is　remarkably　well　adapted　for　the　purpose　of　assigning　to　fellow　villagers　equal　shares　in　the　arable。　It　is　grievous　to　depend　on　your　neighbours　for　the　proceeds　and　re