the ethics(part ii)- 第6部分

the　mind　perceives　thus　far　only　the　human　body。　　Q。E。D。







XX。　The　idea　or　knowledge　of　the　human　mind　is　also　in　God；



following　in　God　in　the　　same　manner；　and　being　referred　to　God



in　the　same　manner；　as　the　idea　or　knowledge　of　　the　human　body。







》》》》》ProofThought　is　an　attribute　of　God　（II。　i。）；　therefore



（II。　iii。）　there　must　　necessarily　be　in　God　the　idea　both　of



thought　itself　and　of　all　its　modifications；　　consequently　also



of　the　human　mind　（II。　xi。）。　　Further；　this　idea　or　knowledge　of



the　mind　　does　not　follow　from　God；　in　so　far　as　he　is　infinite；



but　in　so　far　as　he　is　affected　by　　another　idea　of　an　individual



thing　（II。　ix。）。　　But　（II。　vii。）　the　order　and　connection　of



ideas　　is　the　same　as　the　order　and　connection　of　causes；



therefore　this　idea　or　knowledge　of　the　　mind　is　in　God　and　is



referred　to　God；　in　the　same　manner　as　the　idea　or　knowledge　of



the　　body。　　Q。E。D。







XXI。　This　idea　of　the　mind　is　united　to　the　mind　in　the　same　way



as　the　mind　is　united　to　　the　body。







》》》》》ProofThat　the　mind　is　united　to　the　body　we　have　shown



from　the　fact；　that　the　　body　is　the　object　of　the　mind　（II。　xii。



and　xiii。）；　and　so　for　the　same　reason　the　idea　of　the　　mind　must



be　united　with　its　object；　that　is；　with　the　mind　in　the　same



manner　as　the　mind　　is　united　to　the　body。　　Q。E。D。







*****NoteThis　proposition　is　comprehended　much　more　clearly



from　what　we　have　said　　in　the　note　to　II。　vii。　　We　there　showed



that　the　idea　of　body　and　body；　that　is；　mind　and　　body　（II。



xiii。）；　are　one　and　the　same　individual　conceived　now　under　the



attribute　of　　thought；　now　under　the　attribute　of　extension；



wherefore　the　idea　of　the　mind　and　the　mind　　itself　are　one　and



the　same　thing；　which　is　conceived　under　one　and　the　same



attribute；　　namely；　thought。　　The　idea　of　the　mind；　I　repeat；　and



the　mind　itself　are　in　God　by　the　　same　necessity　and　follow　from



him　from　the　same　power　of　thinking。　　Strictly　speaking；　　the



idea　of　the　mind；　that　is；　the　idea　of　an　idea；　is　nothing　but



the　distinctive　quality　　（forma）　of　the　idea　in　so　far　as　it　is



conceived　as　a　mode　of　thought　without　reference　to　　the　object；



if　a　man　knows　anything；　he；　by　that　very　fact；　knows　that　he



knows　it；　and　at　　the　same　time　knows　that　he　knows　that　he　knows



it；　and　so　on　to　infinity。　　But　I　will　treat　　of　this　hereafter。







XXII。　The　human　mind　perceives　not　only　the　modifications　of　the



body；　but　also　the　ideas　　of　such　modifications。







》》》》》ProofThe　ideas　of　the　ideas　of　modifications　follow　in　God



in　the　same　manner；　　and　are　referred　to　God　in　the　same　manner；



as　the　ideas　of　the　said　modifications。　　This　is　　proved　in　the



same　way　as　II。　xx。　　But　the　ideas　of　the　modifications　of　the



body　are　in　the　　human　mind　（II。　xii。）；　that　is；　in　God；　in　so



far　as　he　constitutes　the　essence　of　the　human　　mind；　therefore



the　ideas　of　these　ideas　will　be　in　God；　in　so　far　as　he　has　the



knowledge　　or　idea　of　the　human　mind；　that　is　（II。　xxi。）；　they



will　be　in　the　human　mind　itself；　which　　therefore　perceives　not



only　the　modifications　of　the　body；　but　also　the　ideas　of　such　



modifications。　　Q。E。D。







XXIII。　The　mind　does　not　know　itself；　except　in　so　far　as　it



perceives　the　ideas　of　the　　modifications　of　the　body。







》》》》》ProofThe　idea　or　knowledge　of　the　mind　（II。　xx。）　follows



in　God　in　the　same　　manner；　and　is　referred　to　God　in　the　same



manner；　as　the　idea　or　knowledge　of　the　　body。　　But　since　（II。



xix。）　the　human　mind　does　not　know　the　human　body　itself；　that　is



　（II。　xi。　Cor。）；　since　the　knowledge　of　the　human　body　is　not



referred　to　God；　in　so　far　as　　he　constitutes　the　nature　of　the



human　mind；　therefore；　neither　is　the　knowledge　of　the　　mind



referred　to　God；　in　so　far　as　he　constitutes　the　essence　of　the



human　mind；　therefore　　（by　the　same　Cor。　II。　xi。）；　the　human　mind



thus　far　has　no　knowledge　of　itself。　　Further　the　　ideas　of　the



modifications；　whereby　the　body　is　affected；　involve　the　nature



of　the　human　　body　itself　（II。　xvi。）；　that　is　（II。　xiii。）；　they



agree　with　the　nature　of　the　mind；　wherefore　the　　knowledge　of



these　ideas　necessarily　involves　knowledge　of　the　mind；　but　（by



the　last　　Prop。）　the　knowledge　of　these　ideas　is　in　the　human



mind　itself；　wherefore　the　human　mind　　thus　far　only　has



knowledge　of　itself。　　Q。E。D。







XXIV。　The　human　mind　does　not　involve　an　adequate　knowledge　of



the　parts　composing　　the　human　body。







》》》》》ProofThe　parts　composing　the　human　body　do　not　belong　to



the　essence　of　that　　body；　except　in　so　far　as　they　communicate



their　motions　to　one　another　in　a　certain　fixed　　relation　（Def。



after　Lemma　iii。）；　not　in　so　far　as　they　can　be　regarded　as



individuals　without　　relation　to　the　human　body。　　The　parts　of



the　human　body　are　highly　complex　individuals　　（Post。　i。）；　whose



parts　（Lemma　iv。）　can　be　separated　from　the　human　body　without　in



any　　way　destroying　the　nature　and　distinctive　quality　of　the



latter；　and　they　can　communicate　　their　motions　（Ax。　i。；　after



Lemma　iii。）　to　other　bodies　in　another　relation；　therefore　（II。



iii。）　　the　idea　or　knowledge　of　each　part　will　be　in　God；



inasmuch　（II。　ix。）　as　he　is　regarded　as　　affected　by　another　idea



of　a　particular　thing；　which　particular　thing　is　prior　in　the



order　of　　nature　to　the　aforesaid　part　（II。　vii。）。　　We　may　affirm



the　same　thing　of　each　part　of　each　　individual　composing　the



human　body；　therefore；　the　knowledge　of　each　part　composing　　the



human　body　is　in　God；　in　so　far　as　he　is　affected　by　very　many



ideas　of　things；　and　not　　in　so　far　as　he　has　the　idea　of　the



human　body　only；　in　other　words；　the　idea　which　　constitutes　the



nature　of　the　human　mind　（II。　xiii。）；　therefore　（II。　xi。　Cor。）；



the　human　mind　　does　not　involve　an　adequate　knowledge　of　the



human　body。　　Q。E。D。







XXV。　The　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not



involve　an　adequate　　knowledge　of　the　external　body。







》》》》》ProofWe　have　shown　that　the　idea　of　a　modification　of　the



human　body　involves　　the　nature　of　an　external　body；　in　so　far　as



that　external　body　conditions　the　human　body　in　　a　given　manner。　



But；　in　so　far　as　the　external　body　is　an　individual；　which　has



no　reference　　to　the　human　body；　the　knowledge　or　idea　thereof　is



in　God　（II。　ix。）；　in　so　far　as　God　is　　regarded　as　affected　by



the　idea　of　a　further　thing；　which　（II。　vii。）　is　naturally　prior



to　the　　said　external　body。　　Wherefore　an　adequate　knowledge　of



the　external　body　is　not　in　God；　　in　so　far　as　he　has　the　idea　of



the　modification　of　the　human　body；　in　other　words；　the　idea　　of



the　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not　involve　an　adequate



knowledge　of　the　　external　body。　　Q。E。D。







XXVI。　The　human　mind　does　not　perceive　any　external　body　as



actually　existing；　except　　through　the　ideas　of　the　modifications



of　its　own　body。







》》》》》ProofIf　the　human　body　is　in　no　way　affected　by　a　given



external　body；　then　　（II。　vii。）　neither　is　the　idea　of　the　human



body；　in　other　words；　the　human　mind；　affected　in　　any　way　by　the



idea　of　the　existence　of　the　said　external　body；　nor　does　it　in



any　manner　　perceive　its　existence。　　But；　in　so　far　as　the　human



body　is　affected　in　any　way　by　a　given　　external　body；　thus　far



（II。　xvi。　and　Cor。）　it　perceives　that　external　body。　　Q。E。D。







ProofWhen　the　human　mind　regards　external　bodies　through



the　ideas　of　the　　modifications　of　its　own　body；　we　say　that　it



imagines　（see　II。　xvii。　note）；　now　the　mind　　can　only　imagine



external　bodies　as　actually　existing。　　Therefore　（by　II。　xxv。）；



in　so　far　as　　the　mind　imagines　external　bodies；　it　has　not　an



adequate　knowledge　of　them。　　Q。E。D。







XXVII。　The　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not



involve　an　adequate　　knowledge　of　the　human　body　itself。







》》》》》ProofEvery　idea　of　a　modification　of　the　human　body



involves　the　nature　of　the　　human　body；　in　so　far　as　the　human



body　is　regarded　as　affected　in　a　given　manner　（II。　　xvi。）。　　But



inasmuch　as　the　human　body　is　an　individual　which　may　be　affected



in　many　　other　ways；　the　idea　of　the　said　modification；　&c。　



Q。E。D。







XXVIII。　The　ideas　of　the　modifications　of　the　human　body；　in　so



far　as　they　have　　reference　only　to　the　human　mind；　are　not　clear



and　distinct；　but　confused。







》》》》》ProofThe　ideas　of　the　modifications　of　the　human　body



involve　the　nature　both　of　　the　human　body　and　of　external　bodies



（II。　xvi。）；　they　must　involve　the　nature　not　only　of　　the　human



body　but　also　of　its　parts；　for　the　modifications　are　modes



（Post。　iii。）；　whereby　　the　parts　of　the　human　body；　and；



consequently；　the　human　body　as　a　whole　are　affected。　　　But　（by



II。　xxiv。；　xxv。）　the　adequate　knowledge　of　external　bodies；　as



also　of　the　parts　　composing　the　human　body；　is　not　in　God；　in



so　far　as　he　is　regarded　as　affected　by　the　　human　mind；　but　in



so　far　as　he　is　regarded　as　affected　by　other　ideas。　　These　ideas



of　　modifications；　in　so　far　as　they　are　referred　to　the　human



mind　alone；　are　as　consequences　　without　premisses；　in　other



words；　confused　ideas。　　Q。E。D。







*****NoteThe　idea　which　constitutes　the　nature　of　the　human



mind　is；　in　the　same　　manner；　proved　not　to　be；　whe