made himself dictator。 Walker had succeeded in having his minister acknowledged by the Democratic Administration； and in obtaining the endorsement of a great Democratic meeting which was held in New York。 It looked； therefore； as if the party of political evasion had an anchor to windward； and that； in the event of their losing in Kansas； they intended to placate their Southern wing by the annexation of Nicaragua。
Here； indeed； was a stronger political tempest than Douglas； weatherwise though he was； had foreseen。 How was political evasion to brave it？ With a courage quite equal to the boldness of the Republicans； the Democrats took another tack and steered for less troubled waters。 Their convention at Cincinnati was temperate and discreet in all its expressions； and for President it nominated a Northerner； James Buchanan of Pennsylvania； a man who was wholly dissociated in the public mind from the struggle over Kansas。
The Democratic party leaders knew that they already had two strong groups of supporters。 Whatever they did； the South would have to go along with them； in its reaction against the furious sectionalism of the Republicans。 Besides the Southern support； the Democrats counted upon the aid of the professional politiciansthose men who considered politics rather as a fascinating game than as serious and difficult work based upon principle。 Upon these the Democrats could confidently rely； for they already had； in Douglas in the North and Toombs in the South； two master politicians who knew this type and its impulses intimately； because they themselves belonged to it。 But the Democrats needed the support of a third group。 If they could only win over the Northern remnant of the Whigs that was still unattached； their position would be secure。 In their efforts to obtain this additional and very necessary reinforcement； they decided to appear as temperate and restrained as possiblea well bred party which all mild and conservative men could trust。
This attitude they formulated in connection with Kansas； which at that time had two governments： one； a territorial government； set up by emigrants from the South； the other； a state government； under the constitution drawn up at Topeka by emigrants from the North。 One authorized slavery； the other prohibited slavery； and both had appealed to Washington for recognition。 It was with this quite definite issue that Congress was chiefly concerned in the spring of 1856。 During the summer Toombs introduced a bill securing to the settlers of Kansas complete freedom of action and providing for an election of delegates to a convention to draw up a state constitution which would determine whether slavery or freedom was to prevailin other words； whether Kansas was to be annexed to the South or to the North。 This bill was merely the full expression of what Douglas had aimed at in 1854 and of what was nicknamed 〃popular sovereignty〃the right of the locality to choose for itself between slave and free labor。
Two years before； such a measure would have seemed radical。 But in politics time is wonderfully elastic。 Those two years had been packed with turmoil。 Kansas had been the scene of a bloody conflict。 Regardless of which side had a majority on the ground； extremists on each side had demanded recognition for the government set up by their own party。 By contrast； Toombs's offer to let the majority rule appeared temperate。
The Republicans saw instantly that they must discredit the proposal or the ground would be cut from under them。 Though the bill passed the Senate； they were able to set it aside in the House in favor of a bill admitting Kansas as a free state with the Topeka constitution。 The Democrats thereupon accused the Republicans of not wanting peace and of wishing to keep up the war…cry 〃Bleeding Kansas〃 until election time。
That； throughout the country； the two parties continued on the lines of policy they had chosen may be seen from an illustration。 A House committee which had gone to Kansas to investigate submitted two reports； one of which； submitted by a Democratic member； told the true story of the murders committed by John Brown at Pottawatomie。 And yet； while the Republicans spread everywhere their shocking tales of murders of free…state settlers； the Democrats made practically no use of this equally shocking tale of the murder of slaveholders。 Apparently they were resolved to appear temperate and conservative to the bitter end。
And they had their reward。 Or； perhaps the fury of the Republicans had its just deserts。 From either point of view； the result was a choice of evils on the part of the reluctant Whigs； and that choice was expressed in the following words by as typical a New Englander as Rufus Choate： 〃The first duty of Whigs；〃 wrote Choate to the Maine State central committee； 〃is to unite with some organization of our countrymen to defeat and dissolve the new geographical party calling itself Republican。。。。 The question for each and every one of us is。。。by what vote can I do most to prevent the madness of the times from working its maddest act the very ecstasy of its madnessthe permanent formation and the actual triumph of a party which knows one half of America only to hate and dread it。 If the Republican party；〃 Choate continued； 〃accomplishes its object and gives the government to the North； I turn my eyes from the consequences。 To the fifteen states of the South that government will appear an alien government。 It will appear worse。 It will appear a hostile government。 It will represent to their eye a vast region of states organized upon anti…slavery； flushed by triumph； cheered onward by the voice of the pulpit； tribune； and press； its mission； to inaugurate freedom and put down the oligarchy； its constitution； the glittering and sounding generalities of natural right which make up the Declaration of Independence。。。。 Practically the contest； in my judgment； is between Mr。 Buchanan and Colonel Fremont。 In these circumstances； I vote for Mr。 Buchanan。〃
The party of political evasion thus became the refuge of the old original Whigs who were forced to take advantage of any port in a storm。 Buchanan was elected by an overwhelming majority。 To the careless eye； Douglas had been justified by results； his party had triumphed as perhaps never before； and yet； no great political success was ever based upon less stable foundations。 To maintain this position； those Northerners who reasoned as Choate did were a necessity； but to keep them in the party of political evasion would depend upon the ability of this party to play the game of politics without acknowledging sectional bias。 Whether this difficult task could be accomplished would depend upon the South。 Toombs； on his part； was anxious to continue making the party of evasion play the great American game of politics； and in his eagerness he perhaps overestimated his hold upon the South。 This； however； remains to be seen。
Already another faction had formed around William L。 Yancey of Alabamaa faction as intolerant of political evasion as the Republicans themselves； and one that was eager to match the sectional Northern party by a sectional Southern party。 It had for the moment fallen into line with the Toombs faction because； like the Whigs； it had not the courage to do otherwise。 The question now was whether it would continue fearful； and whether political evasion would continue to reign。
The key to the history of the next four years is in the growth of this positive Southern party； which had the inevitable result of forcing the Whig remainder to choose； not as in 1856 between a positive sectional policy and an evasive nonsectional policy； but in 1860 between two policies both of which were at once positive and sectional。
CHAPTER III。 THE POLITICIANS AND THE NEW DAY
The South had thus far been kept in line with the cause of political evasion by a small group of able politicians； chief among whom were Robert Toombs； Howell Cobb； and Alexander H。 Stephens。 Curiously enough all three were Georgians； and this might indeed be called the day of Georgia in the history of the South。
A different type of man； however； and one significant of a divergent point of view； had long endeavored to shake the leadership of the Georgian group。 Rhett in South Carolina； Jefferson Davis in Mississippi； and above all Yancey in Alabama； together with the interests and sentiment which they represented； were almost ready to contest the orthodoxy of the policy of 〃nothing doing。〃 To consolidate the interests behind them； to arouse and fire the sentiment on which they relied； was now the confessed purpose of these determined men。 So little attention has hitherto been given to motive in American politics that the modern student still lacks a clear…cut and intelligent perception of these various factions。 In spite of this fact； however； these men may safely be regarded as being distinctly more intellectual； and as having distinctly deeper natures； than the men who came together under the leadership of Toombs and Cobb； and who had the true provincial enthusiasm for politics as the great American sport。
The factions of both Toombs and Yancey were intensely Southern and； whenever a crisis might come； neither meant to hesitate an instant over striking hard for the South。 Toombs； however； wanted to prevent such a situation； while Yancey was anxious to force one。 The former conceived felicity as the joy of playing politics on the biggest stage； and he therefore bent all his strength to preserving the so…called national parties； the latter； scornful of all such union； was for a separate Southern community。
Furthermore； no man could become enthusiastic about political evasion unless by nature he also took kindly to compromise。 So； Toombs and his followers were for preserving the negative Democratic position of 1856。 In a formal paper of great ability Stephens defended that position when he appeared for reelection to Congress in 1857。 Cobb； who had entered Buchanan's Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury； and who spoke hopefully of making Kansas a slave state； insisted nevertheless that such a change must be 〃brought about by the recognized principles of carrying out the will of the m