appiness。＇8＇
It is glorious indeed for this society to have been the first in pointing out to those countries the idea of religion joined with that of humanity。 By repairing the devastations of the Spaniards； she has begun to heal one of the most dangerous wounds that the human species ever received。
An exquisite sensibility to whatever she distinguishes by the name of honour； joined to her zeal for a religion which is far more humbling in respect to those who receive than to those who preach its doctrines； has set her upon vast undertakings； which she has accomplished with success。 She has drawn wild people from their woods； secured them a maintenance； and clothed their nakedness； and had she only by this step improved the industry of mankind； it would have been sufficient to eternise her fame。
They who shall attempt hereafter to introduce like institutions must establish the community of goods as prescribed in Plato's republic； that high respect he required for the gods； that separation from strangers； for the preservation of morals； and an extensive commerce carried on by the community； and not by private citizens： they must give our arts without our luxury； and our wants without our desires。
They must proscribe money； the effects of which are to swell people's fortunes beyond the bounds prescribed by nature； to learn to preserve for no purpose what has been idly hoarded up； to multiply without end our desires； and to supply the sterility of nature； from whom we have received very scanty means of inflaming our passions； and of corrupting each other。
〃The Epidamnians；＇9＇ perceiving their morals depraved by conversing with barbarians； chose a magistrate for making all contracts and sales in the name and behalf of the city。〃 Commerce then does not corrupt the constitution； and the constitution does not deprive society of the advantages of commerce。
7。 In what Cases these singular Institutions may be of Service。 Institutions of this kind may be proper in republics； because they have virtue for their principle； but to excite men to honour in monarchies； or to inspire fear in despotic governments； less trouble is necessary。
Besides； they can take place but in a small state；＇10＇ in which there is a possibility of general education； and of training up the body of the people like a single family。
The laws of Minos； of Lycurgus； and of Plato suppose a particular attention and care； which the citizens ought to have over one another's conduct。 But an attention of this kind cannot be expected in the confusion and multitude of affairs in which a large nation is entangled。
In institutions of this kind； money； as we have above observed； must be banished。 But in great societies； the multiplicity； variety； embarrassment； and importance of affairs； as well as the facility of purchasing； and the slowness of exchange； require a common measure。 In order to support or extend our power； we must be possessed of the means to which； by the unanimous consent of mankind； this power is annexed。
8。 Explanation of a Paradox of the Ancients in respect to Manners。 That judicious writer； Polybius； informs us that music was necessary to soften the manners of the Arcadians； who lived in a cold； gloomy country； that the inhabitants of Cynete； who slighted music； were the cruellest of all the Greeks； and that no other town was so immersed in luxury and debauchery。 Plato＇11＇ is not afraid to affirm that there is no possibility of making a change in music without altering the frame of government。 Aristotle； who seems to have written his Politics only in order to contradict Plato； agrees with him； notwithstanding； in regard to the power and influence of music over the manners of the people。＇12＇ This was also the opinion of Theophrastus； of Plutarch＇13＇ and of all the ancients an opinion grounded on mature reflection； being one of the principles of their polity。＇14＇ Thus it was they enacted laws； and thus they required that cities should be governed。
This I fancy must be explained in the following manner。 It is observable that in the cities of Greece； especially those whose 。principal object was war； all lucrative arts and professions were considered unworthy of a freeman。 〃Most arts；〃 says Xenophon；＇15＇ 〃corrupt and enervate the bodies of those that exercise them； they oblige them to sit in the shade； or near the fire。 They can find no leisure； either for their friends or for the republic。〃 It was only by the corruption of some democracies that artisans became freemen。 This we learn from Aristotle；＇16＇ who maintains that a well…regulated republic will never give them the right and freedom of the city。＇17＇
Agriculture was likewise a servile profession； and generally practised by the inhabitants of conquered countries； such as the Helotes among the Laced？monians； the Periecians among the Cretans； the Penestes among the Thessalians； and other conquered＇18＇ people in other republics。
In fine； every kind of low commerce＇19＇ was infamous among the Greeks； as it obliged a citizen to serve and wait on a slave； on a lodger； or a stranger。 This was a notion that clashed with the spirit of Greek liberty； hence Plato＇20＇ in his Laws orders a citizen to be punished if he attempts to concern himself with trade。
Thus in the Greek republics the magistrates were extremely embarrassed。 They would not have the citizens apply themselves to trade； to agriculture； or to the arts； and yet they would not have them idle。＇21＇ They found； therefore； employment for them in gymnic and military exercises； and none else were allowed by their institution。＇22＇ Hence the Greeks must be considered as a society of wrestlers and boxers。 Now； these exercises having a natural tendency to render people hardy and fierce； there was a necessity for tempering them with others that might soften their manners。＇23＇ For this purpose； music； which influences the mind by means of the corporeal organs； was extremely proper。 It is a kind of medium between manly exercises； which harden the body； and speculative sciences； which are apt to render us unsociable and sour。 It cannot be said that music inspired virtue； for this would be inconceivable： but it prevented the effects of a savage institution； and enabled the soul to have such a share in the education as it could never have had without the assistance of harmony。
Let us suppose among ourselves a society of men so passionately fond of hunting as to make it their sole employment； they would doubtless contract thereby a kind of rusticity and fierceness。 But if they happen to imbibe a taste for music； we should quickly perceive a sensible difference in their customs and manners。 In short； the exercises used by the Greeks could raise but one kind of passions； viz。； fierceness； indignation； and cruelty。 But music excites all these； and is likewise able to inspire the soul with a sense of pity； lenity； tenderness； and love。 Our moral writers； who declaim so vehemently against the stage； sufficiently demonstrate the power of music over the mind。
If the society above mentioned were to have no other music than that of drums； and the sound of the trumpet； would it not be more difficult to accomplish this end than by the more melting tones of softer harmony？ The ancients were therefore in the right when； under particular circumstances； they preferred one mode to another in regard to manners。
But some will ask； why should music be pitched upon as preferable to any other entertainment？ It is because of all sensible pleasures there is none that less corrupts the soul。 We blush to read in Plutarch＇24＇ that the Thebans； in order to soften the manners of their youth； authorised by law a passion which ought to be proscribed by all nations。
______
1。 See d'Aubigny's History。
2。 We mention here what actually is； and not what ought to be； honour is a prejudice； which religion sometimes endeavours to remove； and at other times to regulate。
3。 Politics； i。 13。
4。 Philopoemen obliged the Laced？monians to change their manner of educating their children； being convinced that if he did not take this measure they would always be noted for their magnanimity。 Plutarch； Philopoemen。 See Livy； xxxviii。
5。 She defended her laws and liberty for the space of three years。 See the 98th； 99th； and 100th book of Livy； in Florus's epitome。 She made a braver resistance than the greatest kings。
6。 Florus； i。 16。
7。 In fece Romuli。 Cicero； Letters to Atticus； ii。 1。
8。 The Indians of Paraguay do not depend on any particular lord； they pay only a fifth of the taxes； and are allowed the use of firearms to defend themselves。
9。 Plutarch in his Questions Concerning the Greek Affairs； xxix。
10。 Such as were formerly the cities of Greece。
11。 Republic； iv。
12。 Politics； viii。 5。
13。 Pelopidas。
14。 Plato； in his seventh book of Laws； says that the pr？fectures of music and gymnic exercises are the most important employments in the city； and； in his Republic； iii； Damon will tell you； says he； what sounds are capable of corrupting the mind with base sentiments； or of inspiring the contrary virtues。
15。 Memorabilia； v。
16。 Politics； iii。 4。
17。 Diophantes； says Aristotle； Politics； ii。 7； made a law formerly at Athens； that artisans should be slaves to the republic。
18。 Plato； likewise； and Aristotle require slaves to till the land； Laws； viii。 Politics； vii。 10。 True it is that agriculture was not everywhere exercised by slaves： on the contrary； Aristotle observes the best republics were those in which the citizens themselves tilled the land： but this was brought about by the corruption of the ancient governments； which had become democratic： for in earlier times the cities of Greece were subject to an aristocratic government。
19。 Cauponatio。
20。 Book v。
21。 Aristotle； Politics； vii…viii。
22。 Ibid。； viii。 3。
23。 Aristotle observes that the children of the Laced？monians； who began these exercises at a very tender age； contracted thence too great a ferocity and rudeness of behaviour。 Ibid。； viii。 4。
24。 Pelopidas。
Book V。 That the Laws Given by the Legislator Ought to Be in Relation to the Principle of Government
1。 Idea of this Book。 That the laws of education should relate to the principle o