tell her so； whereas a decided and conscious beauty looks upon every tribute paid to her beauty only as her due； but wants to shine； and to be considered on the side of her understanding； and a woman who is ugly enough to know that she is so； knows that she has nothing left for it but her understanding； which is consequently and probably （in more senses than one her weak side。 But these are secrets which you must keep inviolably； if you would not； like Orpheus； be torn to pieces by the whole sex； on the contrary； a man who thinks of living in the great world； must be gallant； polite； and attentive to please the women。 They have； from the weakness of men； more or less influence in all courts； they absolutely stamp every man's character in the beau monde； and make it either current； or cry it down； and stop it in payments。 It is； therefore； absolutely necessary to manage； please； and flatter them and never to discover the least marks of contempt； which is what they never forgive； but in this they are not singular； for it is the same with men； who will much sooner forgive an injustice than an insult。 Every man is not ambitious； or courteous； or passionate； but every man has pride enough in his composition to feel and resent the least slight and contempt。 Remember； therefore； most carefully to conceal your contempt； however just； wherever you would riot make an implacable enemy。 Men are much more unwilling to have their weaknesses and their imperfections known than their crimes； and if you hint to a man that you think him silly； ignorant； or even ill…bred； or awkward； he will hate you more and longer； than if you tell him plainly； that you think him a rogue。 Never yield to that temptation； which to most young men is very strong； of exposing other people's weaknesses and infirmities； for the sake either of diverting the company； or showing your own superiority。 You may get the laugh on your side by it for the present； but you will make enemies by it forever； and even those who laugh with you then； will； upon reflection； fear； and consequently hate you； besides that it is ill… natured； and a good heart desires rather to conceal than expose other people's weaknesses or misfortunes。 If you have wit； use it to please； and not to hurt： you may shine； like the sun in the temperate zones； without scorching。 Here it is wished for； under the Line it is dreaded。
These are some of the hints which my long experience in the great world enables me to give you； and which； if you attend to them； may prove useful to you in your journey through it。 I wish it may be a prosperous one； at least； I am sure that it must be your own fault if it is not。
Make my compliments to Mr。 Harte； who； I am very sorry to hear； is not well。 I hope by this time he is recovered。 Adieu！
LETTER L
LONDON； September 13； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： I have more than once recommended to you the 〃Memoirs〃 of the Cardinal de Retz； and to attend particularly to the political reflections interspersed in that excellent work。 I will now preach a little upon two or three of those texts。
In the disturbances at Paris； Monsieur de Beaufort； who was a very popular； though a very weak man； was the Cardinal's tool with the populace。
Proud of his popularity； he was always for assembling the people of Paris together； thinking that he made a great figure at the head of them。 The Cardinal； who was factious enough； was wise enough at the same time to avoid gathering the people together； except when there was occasion； and when he had something particular for them to do。 However； he could not always check Monsieur de Beaufort； who having assembled them once very unnecessarily； and without any determined object； they ran riot； would not be kept within bounds by their leaders； and did their cause a great deal of harm： upon which the Cardinal observes most judiciously； 'Que Monsieur de Beaufort me savoit pas； que qui assemble le peuple； l'emeut'。 It is certain； that great numbers of people met together； animate each other； and will do something； either good or bad； but oftener bad； and the respective individuals； who were separately very quiet； when met together in numbers； grow tumultuous as a body； and ripe for any mischief that may be pointed out to them by the leaders； and； if their leaders have no business for them； they will find some for themselves。 The demagogues； or leaders of popular factions； should therefore be very careful not to assemble the people unnecessarily； and without a settled and well…considered object。 Besides that； by making those popular assemblies too frequent； they make them likewise too familiar； and consequently less respected by their enemies。 Observe any meetings of people； and you will always find their eagerness and impetuosity rise or fall in proportion to their numbers： when the numbers are very great； all sense and reason seem to subside； and one sudden frenzy to seize on all； even the coolest of them。
Another very just observation of the Cardinal's is； That； the things which happen in our own times； and which we see ourselves； do not surprise us near so much as the things which we read of in times past； though not in the least more extraordinary； and adds； that he is persuaded that when Caligula made his horse a Consul； the people of Rome； at that time； were not greatly surprised at it； having necessarily been in some degree prepared for it； by an insensible gradation of extravagances from the same quarter。 This is so true that we read every day； with astonishment； things which we see every day without surprise。 We wonder at the intrepidity of a Leonidas； a Codrus； and a Curtius； and are not the least surprised to hear of a sea…captain； who has blown up his ship； his crew； and himself； that they might not fall into the hands of the enemies of his country。 I cannot help reading of Porsenna and Regulus； with surprise and reverence； and yet I remember that I saw； without either； the execution of Shepherd；＇James Shepherd； a coach… painter's apprentice； was executed at Tyburn for high treason； March 17； 1718； in the reign of George I。＇a boy of eighteen years old； who intended to shoot the late king； and who would have been pardoned； if he would have expressed the least sorrow for his intended crime； but； on the contrary； he declared that if he was pardoned he would attempt it again； that he thought it a duty which he owed to his country； and that he died with pleasure for having endeavored to perform it。 Reason equals Shepherd to Regulus； but prejudice； and the recency of the fact； make Shepherd a common malefactor and Regulus a hero。
Examine carefully； and reconsider all your notions of things； analyze them； and discover their component parts； and see if habit and prejudice are not the principal ones； weigh the matter upon which you are to form your opinion； in the equal and impartial scales of reason。 It is not to be conceived how many people； capable of reasoning； if they would； live and die in a thousand errors； from laziness； they will rather adopt the prejudices of others； than give themselves the trouble of forming opinions of their own。 They say things； at first； because other people have said them； and then they persist in them； because they have said them themselves。
The last observation that I shall now mention of the Cardinal's is； 〃That a secret is more easily kept by a good many people； than one commonly imagines。〃 By this he means a secret of importance； among people interested in the keeping of it。 And it is certain that people of business know the importance of secrecy； and will observe it； where they are concerned in the event。 To go and tell any friend； wife； or mistress； any secret with which they have nothing to do； is discovering to them such an unretentive weakness； as must convince them that you will tell it to twenty others； and consequently that they may reveal it without the risk of being discovered。 But a secret properly communicated only to those who are to be concerned in the thing in question； will probably be kept by them though they should be a good many。 Little secrets are commonly told again； but great ones are generally kept。 Adieu！
LETTER LI
LONDON； September 20； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： I wait with impatience for your accurate history of the 'Chevaliers Forte Epees'； which you promised me in your last； and which I take to be the forerunner of a larger work that you intend to give the public； containing a general account of all the religious and military orders of Europe。 Seriously； you will do well to have a general notion of all those orders； ancient and modern； both as they are frequently the subjects of conversation； and as they are more or less interwoven with the histories of those times。 Witness the Teutonic Order； which； as soon as it gained strength； began its unjust depredations in Germany； and acquired such considerable possessions there； and the Order of Malta also； which continues to this day its piracies upon the Infidels。 Besides one can go into no company in Germany； without running against Monsieur le Chevalier； or Monsieur le Commandeur de l' Ordre Teutonique。 It is the same in all the other parts of Europe with regard to the Order of Malta； where you never go into company without meeting two or three Chevaliers or Commandeurs； who talk of their 'Preuves'； their 'Langues'； their 'Caravanes'； etc。； of all which things I am sure you would not willingly be ignorant。 On the other hand； I do not mean that you should have a profound and minute knowledge of these matters； which are of a nature that a general knowledge of them is fully sufficient。 I would not recommend you to read Abbe Vertot's 〃History of the Order of Malta；〃 in four quarto volumes； that would be employing a great deal of good time very ill。 But I would have you know the foundations； the objects； the INSIGNIA； and the short general history of them all。
As for the ancient religious military orders； which were chiefly founded in the eleventh and twelfth centuries； such as Malta； the Teutonic； the Knights Templars； etc。； the injustice and the wickedness of those establishments cannot； I am sure； have escaped your observation。 Their pious object was； to take away by force other people's prop