Montford tried to negotiate。 He offered to divide the dukedom； and to agree that in case he died childless it should revert to the family of Charles。 Charles； however； refused all terms； even to grant his adversary's request to put off the battle until the morrow； so as to avoid violating the Sabbath； and having given orders that all prisoners taken in the battle should be hung； he advanced upon De Montford。
Both forces were divided in four bodies。 The first on De Montford's side was commanded by Sir Robert Knolles； the second by Oliver de Clisson； the third by Chandos and De Montford； the fourth by Sir Hugh de Calverley。 Du Guesclin led the front division of Charles's army； the Counts of Auxerre and Joigny the second； Charles himself the third； and the Lords of Roye and Rieux the reserve。 The ducal arms of Brittany were displayed on both sides。
By slow degrees the two armies closed with each other in deadly strife。 Both parties had dismounted and fought on foot with lances shortened to five feet。 Du Guesclin and his division attacked that of Knolles。 Auxerre fell upon De Clisson； while the divisions of the two rival princes closed with each other。 After desperate fighting numbers prevailed。 De Montford was driven back； but Calverley advanced to his aid； fell upon the rear of the French； threw them into disorder； and then having rallied De Montford's men； retired to his former position in readiness to give succour again where it might be needed。
In the meantime Clisson had been engaged in a desperate struggle with the Count of Auxerre； but was obtaining no advantage。 Clisson himself had received the blow of a battle…axe which had dashed in the vizor of his helmet and blinded for ever one of his eyes。 He was still leading his men； but the enemies' superior numbers were pressing him back； when Chandos； the instant the assistance of Calverley had relieved De Montford's division； perceiving his danger； drew off a few men…at…arms； and with them fell upon the rear of the Count of Auxerre； and dashing all who opposed him to the ground with his battle…axe； cleft his way to the very centre of the enemy。 Pressed by De Clisson in front and broken by the sudden attack of Chandos in the rear； the French division gave way in every direction。 Auxerre was desperately wounded； and he and Joigny both taken prisoners。
Chandos then returned to De Montford； who had gallantly followed up the advantage gained by the confusion into which Charles's division had been thrown by the attack of Calverley。 Charles was routed； he himself struck down and slain by an English soldier； and the division defeated with great slaughter。 De Montford's whole force now gathered round Du Guesclin's division； which now alone remained； and after fighting gallantly until all hope was gone； the brave French knight and his companions yielded themselves as prisoners。
The battle of Auray terminated the struggle between the houses of Blois and Montford。 More than 1000 French men…at…arms died on the field； among whom were many of the noblest in Brittany。 Two counts； 27 lords； and 1500 men…at…arms were made prisoners。 De Montford now took possession of the whole of Brittany； and at the suggestion of King Edward himself did homage to Charles V for the duchy； which he afterwards ruled with wisdom。
CHAPTER XXII： VICTORY AND DEATH
While the Black Prince was with difficulty governing his province of Aquitaine； where the mutual jealousies of the English and native officers caused continual difficulties； King Edward turned all his attention to advancing the prosperity of England。 He fostered trade； commerce； and learning； was a munificent patron of the two universities； and established such order and regularity in his kingdom that England was the admiration of all Europe。 Far different was the state of France。 The cessation of the wars with England and the subsequent disbandment of troops had thrown upon their own resources great numbers of men who had been so long engaged in fighting that they had no other trade to turn to。 The conclusion of the struggle in Brittany after the battle of Auray and the death of Charles of Blois still further added to the number； and these men gathered in bands； some of which were headed by men of knightly rank； and scattered through France plundering the country and extracting heavy sums from the towns。
These 〃great companies；〃 as they were called； exceeded 50；000 men in number； and as almost all were trained soldiers they set the king and his nobles at defiance； and were virtually masters of France。 The most tempting offers were made to them to lay down their arms； and the pope sent legates threatening excommunication； but the great companies laughed alike at promises and threats。 At last a way of deliverance opened to France。 Pedro； named the Cruel； of Castile； had alienated his people by his cruelty； and had defeated and driven into exile his half…brother； Henry of Trastamare； who headed an insurrection against him。 Pedro put to death numbers of the nobles of Castile； despoiled the King of Arragon； who had given aid to his brother； plundered and insulted the clergy； and allied himself with the Moors。
His quarrel with the clergy was the cause of his ruin。 The pope summoned him to appear before him at Avignon to answer to the crimes laid to his charge。 Pedro refused to attend； and the pope at once excommunicated him。 The King of Arragon and Henry of Trastamare were then summoned to Avignon； and a treaty of alliance was concluded between them； and the pope declared the throne of Castile vacant owing to the excommunication of Pedro； and appointed Henry to it。
These measures would have troubled Pedro little had it not been that France groaned under the great companies； and the French king and the pontiff at once entered into negotiations with them to support Henry in his war against his brother。 It was necessary that a leader in whom the companies should have confidence should be chosen； and Du Guesclin； still a prisoner of Chandos； who had captured him at Auray； was selected； and the pope； the King of France； and Don Henry； paid between them the 100；000 francs demanded for his ransom。 Du Guesclin on his release negotiated with the leaders of the great companies； and as the pope and king promised them large gratuities they agreed to march upon Spain。 They were joined by a great number of French knights and men…at…arms。
The expedition was under the nominal command of John of Bourbon； but the real guidance was in the hands of Du Guesclin。 As the army marched past Avignon they worked upon the terrors of the pope until he paid them 200；000 francs in gold。 France was filled with joy at the prospect of a riddance of the free companies which had so long been a prey upon them。 They were； too； eager to avenge upon the cruel King of Spain the murder of his queen； who was a princess of France。 The same feeling animated the people of Aquitaine； and Calverley； D'Ambrecicourt； Sir Walter Hewitt； Sir John Devereux； Sir John Neville； and several other distinguished knights； with a large train of men…at…arms； joined the adventurers。 The great army moved through Arragon； whose king in every way facilitated their progress。 As they entered Castile the whole people declared in favour of Henry； and Pedro； deserted by all； fled to Bordeaux and besought aid from the Prince of Wales。
Between Pedro and the English court a firm alliance had existed from the time when the former so nearly married the Princess Joan； and immediately the king heard of the expedition against him he issued orders that no English knights should take part in it。 The order； however； came too late。 The English knights had already marched into Spain with Du Guesclin。 As for the English who formed no inconsiderable portion of the great companies； they had already declined to obey the king； when； at the insistence of the pope and the King of France； he had ordered them to disband。
On Pedro's arrival at Bordeaux with his three daughters and his son； they were kindly received by the Black Prince； courtesy and kindness to those in misfortune being among the leading characteristics of his nature。 Pedro； cruel and ruthless as he was； was a man of great eloquence and insinuating manners； and giving his own version of affairs； he completely won over the prince； who felt himself； moreover； bound in some degree to support him； inasmuch as he； an ally of England； had been dethroned by an army composed partly of English。 Pedro made the most magnificent promises to the prince in return for his aid； ceding him the whole of the province of Biscay； and agreeing to pay the British troops engaged in his service when he regained his throne； the Black Prince engaging to pay them in the meantime。
King Edward aided his son by raising an army in England； which sailed for Bordeaux under the command of the prince's brother； John of Gaunt； Duke of Lancaster。 Walter formed part of this expedition。 The king had issued his writs to him and other barons of the southern counties； and the Black Prince had himself written to ask him to join him； in memory of their former deeds of arms together。
As it was now some years since he had taken the field； Walter did not hesitate； but with thirty retainers； headed by Ralph； joined the army of John of Gaunt。
The Black Prince's first step was to endeavour to recall the Englishmen of the free companies； estimated to amount to at least 30；000 men。 The news that he was taking up arms and would himself command the army caused Calverley and the whole of the other English knights to return at once； and 10；000 of the English men… at…arms with the great companies also left Don Henry and marched to Aquitaine。 The road led through the territory of the King of Navarre； and the Black Prince advanced 56；000 florins of gold to pay this grasping and treacherous king for the right of passage of the army。
By Christmas； 1366； the preparations were complete； but the severity of the weather delayed the advance for some weeks。 Fresh difficulties were encountered with Charles the Bad； of Navarre； who； having obtained the price for the passage； had now opened negotiations with Don Henry； and the governors of the frontier towns refused to allow Sir Hugh Calverley and the fre