part18- 第5部分

Lewis　was　instructed　to　take　those　of　every　tribe　beyond；　which　he

possibly　could：　the　intention　was　to　publish　the　whole；　and　leave　the

world　to　search　for　affinities　between　these　and　the　languages　of

Europe　and　Asia。　　He　was　furnished　with　a　number　of　printed

vocabularies　of　the　same　words　and　form　I　had　used；　with　blank　spaces

for　the　Indian　words。　　He　was　very　attentive　to　this　instruction；

never　missing　an　opportunity　of　taking　a　vocabulary。　　After　his

return；　he　asked　me　if　I　should　have　any　objection　to　the　printing

his　separately；　as　mine　were　not　yet　arranged　as　I　intended。　　I

assured　him　I　had　not　the　least；　and　I　am　certain　he　contemplated

their　publication。　　But　whether　he　had　put　the　papers　out　of　his　own

hand　or　not；　I　do　not　know。　　I　imagine　he　had　not：　and　it　is　probable

that　Doctr。　Barton；　who　was　particularly　curious　on　this　subject；　and

published　on　it　occasionally；　would　willingly　recieve　and　take　care

of　these　papers　after　Capt。　Lewis's　death；　and　that　they　are　now

among　his　papers。




　

　　　　　　　　4。　His　observations　of　longitude　and　latitude。　　He　was

instructed　to　send　these　to　the　war…office；　that　measures　might　be

taken　to　have　the　calculations　made。　　Whether　he　delivered　them　to

the　war…office；　or　to　Dr。　Patterson；　I　do　not　know；　but　I　think　he

communicated　with　Dr。　Patterson　concerning　them。　　These　are

all…important：　because　altho'；　having　with　him　the　Nautical　almanacs；

he　could　&　did　calculate　some　of　his　latitudes；　yet　the　longitudes

were　taken　merely　from　estimates　by　the　log…line；　time　and　course。

So　that　it　is　only　as　to　latitudes　that　his　map　may　be　considered　as

tolerably　correct；　not　as　to　its　longitudes。




　　　　　　　　5。　His　Map。　　This　was　drawn　on　sheets　of　paper；　not　put

together；　but　so　marked　that　they　could　be　joined　together　with　the

utmost　accuracy；　not　as　one　great　square　map；　but　ramifying　with　the

courses　of　the　rivers。　　The　scale　was　very　large；　and　the　sheets

numerous；　but　in　perfect　preservation。　　This　was　to　await

publication；　until　corrected　by　the　calculations　of　longitude　and

latitude。　　I　examined　these　sheets　myself　minutely；　as　spread　on　the

floor；　and　the　originals　must　be　in　existence；　as　the　Map　published

with　his　travels　must　have　been　taken　from　them。




　　　　　　　　These　constitute　the　whole。　　They　are　the　property　of　the

government；　the　fruits　of　the　expedition　undertaken　at　such　expense

of　money　and　risk　of　valuable　lives。　　They　contain　exactly　the　whole

of　the　information　which　it　was　our　object　to　obtain　for　the　benefit

of　our　own　country　and　of　the　world。　　But　we　were　willing　to　give　to

Lewis　and　Clarke　whatever　pecuniary　benefits　might　be　derived　from

the　publication；　and　therefore　left　the　papers　in　their　hands；　taking

for　granted　that　their　interests　would　produce　a　speedy　publication；

which　would　be　better　if　done　under　their　direction。　　But　the　death

of　Capt。　Lewis；　the　distance　and　occupations　of　General　Clarke；　and

the　bankruptcy　of　their　bookseller；　have　retarded　the　publication；

and　rendered　necessary　that　the　government　should　attend　to　the

reclamation　&　security　of　their　papers。　　Their　recovery　is　now　become

an　imperious　duty。　　Their　safest　deposit　as　fast　as　they　can　be

collected；　will　be　the　Philosophical　Society；　who　no　doubt　will　be　so

kind　as　to　receive　and　preserve　them；　subject　to　the　orders　of

government；　and　their　publication；　once　effected　in　any　way；　the

originals　will　probably　be　left　in　the　same　deposit。　　As　soon　as　I

can　learn　their　present　situation；　I　will　lay　the　matter　before　the

government　to　take　such　order　as　they　think　proper。　　As　to　any　claims

of　individuals　to　these　papers；　it　is　to　be　observed　that；　as　being

the　property　of　the　public；　we　are　certain　neither　Lewis　nor　Clarke

would　undertake　to　convey　away　the　right　to　them；　and　that　they　could

not　convey　them；　had　they　been　capable　of　intending　it。　　Yet　no

interest　of　that　kind　is　meant　to　be　disturbed；　if　the　individual　can

give　satisfactory　assurance　that　he　will　promptly　&　properly　publish

them。　　Otherwise　they　must　be　restored　to　the　government；　&　the

claimant　left　to　settle　with　those　on　whom　he　has　any　claim。　　My

interference　will；　I　trust；　be　excused；　not　only　from　the　portion

which　every　citizen　has　in　whatever　is　public；　but　from　the　peculiar

part　I　have　had　in　the　design　and　execution　of　this　expedition。




　　　　　　　　To　you；　my　friend；　apology　is　due　for　involving　you　in　the

trouble　of　this　inquiry。　　It　must　be　found　in　the　interest　you　take

in　whatever　belongs　to　science；　and　in　your　own　kind　offers　to　me　of

aid　in　this　research。　　Be　assured　always　of　my　affectionate

friendship　and　respect。







　　　　　　　　THE　TEST　OF　REPUBLICANISM




　　　　　　　　_To　John　Taylor_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　May　28；　1816_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　On　my　return　from　a　long　journey　and　considerable

absence　from　home；　I　found　here　the　copy　of　your　〃Enquiry　into　the

principles　of　our　government；〃　which　you　had　been　so　kind　as　to　send

me；　and　for　which　I　pray　you　to　accept　my　thanks。　　The　difficulties

of　getting　new　works　in　our　situation；　inland　and　without　a　single

bookstore；　are　such　as　had　prevented　my　obtaining　a　copy　before；　and

letters　which　had　accumulated　during　my　absence；　and　were　calling　for

answers；　have　not　yet　permitted　me　to　give　to　the　whole　a　thorough

reading；　yet　certain　that　you　and　I　could　not　think　differently　on

the　fundamentals　of　rightful　government；　I　was　impatient；　and　availed

myself　of　the　intervals　of　repose　from　the　writing　table；　to　obtain　a

cursory　idea　of　the　body　of　the　work。




　

　　　　　　　　I　see　in　it　much　matter　for　profound　reflection；　much　which

should　confirm　our　adhesion；　in　practice；　to　the　good　principles　of

our　constitution；　and　fix　our　attention　on　what　is　yet　to　be　made

good。　　The　sixth　section　on　the　good　moral　principles　of　our

government；　I　found　so　interesting　and　replete　with　sound　principles；

as　to　postpone　my　letter…writing　to　its　thorough　perusal　and

consideration。　　Besides　much　other　good　matter；　it　settles

unanswerably　the　right　of　instructing　representatives；　and　their　duty

to　obey。　　The　system　of　banking　we　have　both　equally　and　ever

reprobated。　　I　contemplate　it　as　a　blot　left　in　all　our

constitutions；　which；　if　not　covered；　will　end　in　their　destruction；

which　is　already　hit　by　the　gamblers　in　corruption；　and　is　sweeping

away　in　its　progress　the　fortunes　and　morals　of　our　citizens。

Funding　I　consider　as　limited；　rightfully；　to　a　redemption　of　the

debt　within　the　lives　of　a　majority　of　the　generation　contracting　it；

every　generation　coming　equally；　by　the　laws　of　the　Creator　of　the

world；　to　the　free　possession　of　the　earth　he　made　for　their

subsistence；　unincumbered　by　their　predecessors；　who；　like　them；　were

but　tenants　for　life。　　You　have　successfully　and　completely

pulverized　Mr。　Adams'　system　of　orders；　and　his　opening　the　mantle　of

republicanism　to　every　government　of　laws；　whether　consistent　or　not

with　natural　right。　　Indeed；　it　must　be　acknowledged；　that　the　term

_republic_　is　of　very　vague　application　in　every　language。　　Witness

the　self…styled　republics　of　Holland；　Switzerland；　Genoa；　Venice；

Poland。　　Were　I　to　assign　to　this　term　a　precise　and　definite　idea；　I

would　say；　purely　and　simply；　it　means　a　government　by　its　citizens

in　mass；　acting　directly　and　personally；　according　to　rules

established　by　the　majority；　and　that　every　other　government　is　more

or　less　republican；　in　proportion　as　it　has　in　its　composition　more

or　less　of　this　ingredient　of　the　direct　action　of　the　citizens。

Such　a　government　is　evidently　restrained　to　very　narrow　limits　of

space　and　population。　　I　doubt　if　it　would　be　practicable　beyond　the

extent　of　a　New　England　township。　　The　first　shade　from　this　pure

element；　which；　like　that　of　pure　vital　air；　cannot　sustain　life　of

itself；　would　be　where　the　powers　of　the　government；　being　divided；

should　be　exercised　each　by　representatives　chosen　either　_pro　hac

vice_；　or　for　such　short　terms　as　should　render　secure　the　duty　of

expressing　the　will　of　their　constituents。　　This　I　should　consider　as

the　nearest　approach　to　a　pure　republic；　which　is　practicable　on　a

large　scale　of　country　or　population。　　And　we　have　examples　of　it　in

some　of　our　States　constitutions；　which；　if　not　poisoned　by

priest…craft；　would　prove　its　excellence　over　all　mixtures　with　other

elements；　and；　with　only　equal　doses　of　poison；　would　still　be　the

best。　　Other　shades　of　republicanism　may　be　found　in　other　forms　of

government；　where　the　executive；　judiciary　and　legislative　functions；

and　the　different　branches　of　the　latter；　are　chosen　by　the　people

more　or　less　directly；　for　longer　terms　of　years　or　for　life；　or　made

hereditary；　or　where　there　are　mixtures　of　authorities；　some

dependent　on；　and　others　independent　of　the　people。　　The　further　the

departure　from　direct　and　constant　control　by　the　citizens；　the　less

has　the　government　of　the　ingredient　of　republicanism；　evidently　none

where　the　authorities　are　hereditary；　as　in　France；　Venice；　&c。；　or

self…chosen；　as　in　Holland；　and　little；　where　for　life；　in　proportion

as　the　life　continues　in　being　after　the　act　of　election。




　　　　　　　　The　purest　republican　feature　in　the　government　of　our　own

State；　is　the　House　of　Representatives。　　The　Senate　is　equally　so　the

first　year；　less　the　second；　and　so　on。　　The　Executive　still　less；

because　not　chosen　by　the　people　directly。　　The　Judiciary　seriously

anti…republican；　because　for　life；　and　the　national　arm　wielded；　as

you　observe；　by　military　leaders　irresponsible　but　to　themselves。

Add　to　this　the　vicious　constitution　of　our　county　courts　（to　whom

the　justice；　the　executive　administration；　the　taxation；　police；　the

military　appointments　of　the　county；　and　nearly　all　our　daily

concerns　are　confided）；　self…appointed；　self…continued；　holding　their

authorities　for　life；　and　with　an　impossibility　of　brea