but against the intellectual development of women。 There is neither excuse nor palliation to be offered for the Italian manners and the recognized system of amis intimes； which disgraced the French society the next century。 But； while it is greatly to be deplored that the moral sense has not always kept pace with the cultivation of the intellect； there is no reason for believing that license of manners is in any degree the result of it。 There is striking evidence to the contrary； in the incredible ignorance and laxity that found its reaction in the early salons； also in the dissolute lives of many distinguished women of rank who had no pretension to wit or education。 The fluctuation of morals； which has always existed； must be traced to quite other causes。 Virtue has not invariably accompanied intelligence； but it has been still less the companion of ignorance。
It was Mme。 de Sable who set the fashion of condensing the thoughts and experiences of life into maxims and epigrams。 This was her specific gift to literature； but her influence was felt through what she inspired others to do rather than through what she did herself。 It was her good fortune to be brought into contact with the genius of a Pascal and a La Rochefoucauld；men who reared immortal works upon the pastime of an idle hour。 One or two of her own maxims will suffice to indicate her style as well as to show the estimate she placed upon form and measure in the conduct of life：
A bad manner spoils everything； even justice and reason。 The HOW constitutes the best part of things； and the air which one gives them gilds； modifies； and softens the most disagreeable。
There is a certain command in the manner of speaking and acting； which makes itself felt everywhere； and which gains； in advance； consideration and respect。
We find here the spirit that underlies French manners； in which form counts for so much。
There is another； which suggests the delicate flavor of sentiment then in vogue：
Wherever it is； love is always the master。 It seems truly that it is to the soul of the one who loves； what the soul is to the body it animates。
Among the eminent men who lent so much brilliancy to this salon was the great jurist Domat。 He adds his contribution and falls into the moralizing vein：
A little fine weather； a good word； a praise； a caress； draws me from a profound sadness from which I could not draw myself by any effort of meditation。 What a machine is my soul； what an abyss of misery and weakness！
Here is one by the Abbe d'Ailly； which foreshadows the thought of the next century：
Too great submission to books； and to the opinions of the ancients； as to the eternal truths revealed of God； spoils the head and makes pedants。
The finest and most vigorous of these choice spirits was Pascal； who frequented more or less the salon of Mme。 de Sable previous to his final retirement to the gloom and austerity of the cloister。 His delicate platonism and refined spirituality go far towards offsetting the cold cynicism of La Rochefoucauld。 Each gives us a different phase of life as reflected in a clear and luminous intelligence。 The one led to Port Royal； the other turned an electric light upon the selfish corruption of courts。 Many of the pensees of Pascal were preserved among the records of this salon； and Cousin finds reason for believing that they were first suggested and discussed here； he even thinks it possible； if not probable； that the 〃Discours sur les Passions de L'amour；〃 which pertains to his mundane life； and presents the grave and ascetic recluse in a new light； had a like origin。
But the presiding genius was La Rochefoucauld。 He complains that the mode of relaxation is fatiguing； and that the mania for sentences troubles his repose。 The subjects were suggested for conversation； and the thoughts were condensed and reduced to writing at leisure。 〃Here are all the maxims I have；〃 he writes to Mme。 de Sable； 〃but as one gives nothing for nothing； I demand a potage aux carottes； un ragout de mouton； etc。〃
〃When La Rochefoucauld had composed his sentences；〃 says Cousin； 〃he talked them over before or after dinner； or he sent them at the end of a letter。 They were discussed； examined； and observations were made； by which he profited。 One could lessen their faults； but one could lend them no beauty。 There was not a delicate and rare turn； a fine and keen touch； which did not come from him。〃
After availing himself of the general judgment in this way； he took a novel method of forestalling crtiticism before committing himself to publication。 Mme。 de Sable sent a collection of the maxims to her friends； asking for a written opinion。 One is tempted to make long extracts from their replies。 The men usually indorse the worldly sentiments； the women rarely。 The Princesse de Guemene； who； in the decline of her beauty； was growing devout； and also had apartments for penitential retreat at Port Royal； responds： 〃I was just going to write to beg you to send me your carriage as soon as you had dined。 I have yet seen only the first maxims； as I had a headache yesterday； but those I have read appear to me to be founded more upon the disposition of the author than upon the truth； for he believes neither in generosity without interest； nor in pity； that is； he judges every one by himself。 For the greater number of people； he is right； but surely there are those who desire only to do good。〃 The Countesse de Maure； who does not believe in the absolute depravity of human nature； and is inclined to an elevated Christian philosophy quite opposed to Jansenism； writes with so much severity that she begs her friend not to show her letter to the author。 Mme。 de Hautefort expresses her disapproval of a theory which drives honor and goodness out of the world。 After many clever and well…turned criticisms； she says： 〃But the maxim which is quite new to me； and which I admire； is that idleness； languid as it is； destroys all the passions。 It is true； and he had searched his heart well to find a sentiment so hidden； but so just 。 。 。 I think one ought； at present； to esteem idleness as the only virtue in the world； since it is that which uproots all the vices。 As I have always had much respect for it； I am glad it has so much merit。〃 But she adds wisely： 〃If I were of the opinion of the author； I would not bring to the light those mysteries which will forever deprive him of all the confidence one might have in him。〃
There is one letter； written by the clever and beautiful Eleonore de Rohan； Abbess de Malnoue； and addressed to the author； which deserves to be read for its fine and just sentiments。 In closing she says：
The maxim upon humility appears to me perfectly beautiful； but I have been so surprised to find it there； that I had the greatest difficulty in recognizing it in the midst of all that precedes and follows it。 It is assuredly to make this virtue practiced among your own sex； that you have written maxims in which their self…love is so little flattered。 I should be very much humiliated on my own part； if I did not say to myself what I have already said to you in this note； that you judge better the hearts of men than those of women； and that perhaps you do not know yourself the true motive which makes you esteem them less。 If you had always met those whose temperament had been submitted to virtue； and in whom the senses were less strong than reason； you would think better of a certain number who distinguish themselves always from the multitude； and it seems to me that Mme。 de La Fayette and myself deserve that you should have a better opinion of the sex in general。
Mme。 de La Fayette writes to the Marquise： 〃All people of good sense are not so persuaded of the general corruption as is M。 de La Rochefoucauld。 I return to you a thousand thanks for all you have done for this gentleman。〃At a later period she said： 〃La Rochefoucauld stimulated my intellect； but I reformed his heart。〃 It is to be regretted that he had not known her sooner。
At his request Mme。 de Sable wrote a review of the maxims； which she submitted to him for approval。 It seems to have been a fair presentation of both sides； but he thought it too severe； and she kindly gave him permission to change it to suit himself。 He took her at her word； dropped the adverse criticisms； retained the eulogies； and published it in the 〃Journal des Savants〃 as he wished it to go to the world。 The diplomatic Marquise saved her conscience and kept her friend。
The maxims of La Rochefoucauld； which are familiar to all； have extended into a literature。 That he generalized from his own point of view； and applied to universal humanity the motives of a class bent upon favor and precedence； is certainly true。 But whatever we may think of his sentiments； which were those of a man of the world whose observations were largely in the atmosphere of courts； we are compelled to admit his unrivaled finish and perfection of form。 Similar theories of human nature run through the maxims of Esprit and Saint Evremond； without the exquisite turn which makes each one of La Rochefoucauld's a gem in itself。 His tone was that of a disappointed courtier； with a vein of sadness only half disguised by cold philosophy and bitter cynicism。 La Bruyere； with a broader outlook upon humanity； had much of the same fine analysis； with less conciseness and elegance of expression。 Vauvenargues and Joubert were his legitimate successors。 But how far removed in spirit！
〃The body has graces；〃 writes Vauvenargues； 〃the mind has talents； has the heart only vices？ And man capable of reason； shall he be incapable of virtue？〃
With a fine and delicate touch； Joubert says： 〃Virtue is the health of the soul。 It gives a flavor to the smallest leaves of life。〃
These sentiments are in the vein of Pascal； who represents the most spiritual element of the little coterie which has left such a legacy of condensed thought to the world。
The crowning act of the life of Mme。 de Sable was her defense of Port Royal。 She united with Mme。 de Longueville in protecting the persecuted Jansenists； Nicole and Arnauld； but she had neither the courage； the heroism； nor the partisan spirit of her more ardent companion。 With