ed a state of tranquillity； the above…mentioned Maurice had a forest in that neighbourhood； well stocked with wild animals； and especially deer； and was extremely tenacious of his venison。 His wife （for women are often very expert in deceiving men） made use of this curious stratagem。 Her husband possessed； on the side of the wood next the sea； some extensive pastures； and large flocks of sheep。 Having made all the shepherds and chief people in her house accomplices and favourers of her design； and taking advantage of the simple courtesy of her husband； she thus addressed him： 〃It is wonderful that being lord over beasts； you have ceased to exercise dominion over them； and by not making use of your deer； do not now rule over them； but are subservient to them； and behold how great an abuse arises from too much patience； for they attack our sheep with such an unheard…of rage； and unusual voracity； that from many they are become few； from being innumerable； only numerous。〃 To make her story more probable； she caused some wool to be inserted between the intestines of two stags which had been embowelled； and her husband； thus artfully deceived； sacrificed his deer to the rapacity of his dogs。
CHAPTER X
Tywy river … Caermardyn … monastery of Albelande
Having crossed the river Tywy in a boat； we proceeded towards Caermardyn； leaving Lanstephan and Talachar ｛97｝ on the sea…coast to our left。 After the death of king Henry II。； Rhys； the son of Gruffydd； took these two castles by assault； then； having laid waste； by fire and sword； the provinces of Penbroch and Ros； he besieged Caermardyn； but failed in his attempt。 Caermardyn ｛98｝ signifies the city of Merlin； because； according to the British History； he was there said to have been begotten of an incubus。
This ancient city is situated on the banks of the noble river Tywy； surrounded by woods and pastures； and was strongly inclosed with walls of brick； part of which are still standing； having Cantref Mawr； the great cantred； or hundred； on the eastern side； a safe refuge； in times of danger； to the inhabitants of South Wales； on account of its thick woods； where is also the castle of Dinevor； ｛99｝ built on a lofty summit above the Tywy； the royal seat of the princes of South Wales。 In ancient times； there were three regal palaces in Wales： Dinevor in South Wales； Aberfrau in North Wales； situated in Anglesea； and Pengwern in Powys； now called Shrewsbury （Slopesburia）； Pengwern signifies the head of a grove of alders。 Recalling to mind those poetical passages：
〃Dolus an virtus quis in hoste requirat？〃
and
〃Et si non recte possis quocunque modo rem；〃
my pen shrinks with abhorrence from the relation of the enormous vengeance exercised by the court against its vassals； within the comot of Caeo； in the Cantref Mawr。 Near Dinevor； on the other side of the river Tywy； in the Cantref Bychan； or the little cantred； there is a spring which； like the tide； ebbs and flows twice in twenty…four hours。 ｛100｝ Not far to the north of Caermardyn； namely at Pencadair； ｛101｝ that is； the head of the chair； when Rhys； the son of Gruffydd； was more by stratagem than force compelled to surrender； and was carried away into England； king Henry II。 despatched a knight； born in Britany； on whose wisdom and fidelity he could rely； under the conduct of Guaidanus； dean of Cantref Mawr； to explore the situation of Dinevor castle； and the strength of the country。 The priest； being desired to take the knight by the easiest and best road to the castle； led him purposely aside by the most difficult and inaccessible paths； and wherever they passed through woods； the priest； to the general surprise of all present； fed upon grass； asserting that； in times of need； the inhabitants of that country were accustomed to live upon herbs and roots。 The knight returning to the king； and relating what had happened； affirmed that the country was uninhabitable； vile； and inaccessible； and only affording food to a beastly nation； living like brutes。 At length the king released Rhys； having first bound him to fealty by solemn oaths and the delivery of hostages。
On our journey from Caermardyn towards the Cistercian monastery called Alba Domus； ｛102｝ the archbishop was informed of the murder of a young Welshman； who was devoutly hastening to meet him； when turning out of the road； he ordered the corpse to be covered with the cloak of his almoner； and with a pious supplication commended the soul of the murdered youth to heaven。 Twelve archers of the adjacent castle of St。 Clare； ｛103｝ who had assassinated the young man； were on the following day signed with the cross at Alba Domus； as a punishment for their crime。 Having traversed three rivers； the Taf； then the Cleddeu； under Lanwadein； ｛104｝ and afterwards another branch of the same river； we at length arrived at Haverford。 This province； from its situation between two rivers； has acquired the name of Daugleddeu； ｛105｝ being enclosed and terminated； as it were； by two swords； for cleddue； in the British language； signifies a sword。
CHAPTER XI
Of Haverford and Ros
A sermon having been delivered at Haverford ｛106｝ by the archbishop； and the word of God preached to the people by the archdeacon； whose name appears on the title…page of this work； many soldiers and plebeians were induced to take the cross。 It appeared wonderful and miraculous； that； although the archdeacon addressed them both in the Latin and French tongues； those persons who understood neither of those languages were equally affected； and flocked in great numbers to the cross。
An old woman of those parts； who for three preceding years had been blind； having heard of the archbishop's arrival； sent her son to the place where the sermon was to be preached； that he might bring back to her some particle； if only of the fringe of his garment。 The young man being prevented by the crowd from approaching the archbishop； waited till the assembly was dispersed； and then carried a piece of the earth on which the preacher had stood。 The mother received the gift with great joy； and falling immediately on her knees； applied the turf to her mouth and eyes； and thus； through the merits of the holy man； and her own faith and devotion； recovered the blessing of sight； which she had entirely lost。
The inhabitants of this province derived their origin from Flanders； and were sent by king Henry I。 to inhabit these districts； a people brave and robust； ever most hostile to the Welsh； a people； I say； well versed in commerce and woollen manufactories； a people anxious to seek gain by sea or land； in defiance of fatigue and danger； a hardy race； equally fitted for the plough or the sword； a people brave and happy； if Wales （as it ought to have been） had been dear to its sovereign； and had not so frequently experienced the vindictive resentment and ill…treatment of its governors。
A circumstance happened in the castle of Haverford during our time； which ought not to be omitted。 A famous robber was fettered and confined in one of its towers； and was often visited by three boys； the son of the earl of Clare； and two others； one of whom was son of the lord of the castle； and the other his grandson； sent thither for their education； and who applied to him for arrows； with which he used to supply them。 One day； at the request of the children； the robber； being brought from his dungeon； took advantage of the absence of the gaoler； closed the door； and shut himself up with the boys。 A great clamour instantly arose； as well from the boys within； as from the people without； nor did he cease； with an uplifted axe； to threaten the lives of the children； until indemnity and security were assured to him in the most ample manner。 A similar accident happened at Chateau…roux in France。 The lord of that place maintained in the castle a man whose eyes he had formerly put out； but who； by long habit； recollected the ways of the castle； and the steps leading to the towers。 Seizing an opportunity of revenge； and meditating the destruction of the youth； he fastened the inward doors of the castle； and took the only son and heir of the governor of the castle to the summit of a high tower； from whence he was seen with the utmost concern by the people beneath。 The father of the boy hastened thither； and； struck with terror； attempted by every possible means to procure the ransom of his son； but received for answer； that this could not be effected； but by the same mutilation of those lower parts； which he had likewise inflicted on him。 The father； having in vain entreated mercy； at length assented； and caused a violent blow to be struck on his body； and the people around him cried out lamentably； as if he had suffered mutilation。 The blind man asked him where he felt the greatest pain？ when he replied in his reins； he declared it was false and prepared to precipitate the boy。 A second blow was given； and the lord of the castle asserting that the greatest pains were at his heart； the blind man expressing his disbelief； again carried the boy to the summit of the tower。 The third time； however； the father； to save his son； really mutilated himself； and when he exclaimed that the greatest pain was in his teeth； 〃It is true；〃 said he； 〃as a man who has had experience should be believed； and thou hast in part revenged my injuries。 I shall meet death with more satisfaction； and thou shalt neither beget any other son； nor receive comfort from this。〃 Then； precipitating himself and the boy from the summit of the tower； their limbs were broken； and both instantly expired。 The knight ordered a monastery to be built on the spot for the soul of the boy； which is still extant； and called De Doloribus。
It appears remarkable to me that the entire inheritance should devolve on Richard； son of Tankard； governor of the aforesaid castle of Haverford； being the youngest son； and having many brothers of distinguished character who died before him。 In like manner the dominion of South Wales descended to Rhys son of Gruffyd； owing to the death of several of his brothers。 During the childhood of Richard； a holy man； named Caradoc； led a pious and recluse life at St。 Ismael； in the province of Ros； ｛107｝ to whom