itinerary of archibishop- 第17部分

From　Haverford　we　proceeded　on　our　journey　to　Menevia；　distant　from　thence　about　twelve　miles；　and　passed　through　Camros；　｛118｝　where；　in　the　reign　of　king　Stephen；　the　relations　and　friends　of　a　distinguished　young　man；　Giraldus；　son　of　William；　revenged　his　death　by　a　too　severe　retaliation　on　the　men　of　Ros。　　We　then　passed　over　Niwegal　sands；　at　which　place　（during　the　winter　that　king　Henry　II。　spent　in　Ireland）；　as　well　as　in　almost　all　the　other　western　ports；　a　very　remarkable　circumstance　occurred。　　The　sandy　shores　of　South　Wales；　being　laid　bare　by　the　extraordinary　violence　of　a　storm；　the　surface　of　the　earth；　which　had　been　covered　for　many　ages；　re…appeared；　and　discovered　the　trunks　of　trees　cut　off；　standing　in　the　very　sea　itself；　the　strokes　of　the　hatchet　appearing　as　if　made　only　yesterday。　｛119｝　　The　soil　was　very　black；　and　the　wood　like　ebony。　　By　a　wonderful　revolution；　the　road　for　ships　became　impassable；　and　looked；　not　like　a　shore；　but　like　a　grove　cut　down；　perhaps；　at　the　time　of　the　deluge；　or　not　long　after；　but　certainly　in　very　remote　ages；　being　by　degrees　consumed　and　swallowed　up　by　the　violence　and　encroachments　of　the　sea。　During　the　same　tempest　many　sea　fish　were　driven；　by　the　violence　of　the　wind　and　waves；　upon　dry　land。　　We　were　well　lodged　at　St。　David's　by　Peter；　bishop　of　the　see；　a　liberal　man；　who　had　hitherto　accompanied　us　during　the　whole　of　our　journey。




BOOK　II




PREFACE



Since；　therefore；　St。　David's　is　the　head；　and　in　times　past　was　the　metropolitan；　city　of　Wales；　though　now；　alas！　retaining　more　of　the　NAME　than　of　the　OMEN；　｛120｝　yet　I　have　not　forborne　to　weep　over　the　obsequies　of　our　ancient　and　undoubted　mother；　to　follow　the　mournful　hearse；　and　to　deplore　with　tearful　sighs　the　ashes　of　our　half…buried　matron。　　I　shall；　therefore；　endeavour　briefly　to　declare　to　you　in　what　manner；　from　whence；　and　from　what　period　the　pall　was　first　brought　to　St。　David's；　and　how　it　was　taken　away；　how　many　prelates　were　invested　with　the　pall；　and　how　many　were　despoiled　thereof；　together　with　their　respective　names　to　this　present　day。



CHAPTER　I



Of　the　see　of　Saint　David's


We　are　informed　by　the　British　histories；　that　Dubricius；　archbishop　of　Caerleon；　sensible　of　the　infirmities　of　age；　or　rather　being　desirous　of　leading　a　life　of　contemplation；　resigned　his　honours　to　David；　who　is　said　to　have　been　uncle　to　king　Arthur；　and　by　his　interest　the　see　was　translated　to　Menevia；　although　Caerleon；　as　we　have　observed　in　the　first　book；　was　much　better　adapted　for　the　episcopal　see。　　For　Menevia　is　situated　in　a　most　remote　corner　of　land　upon　the　Irish　ocean；　the　soil　stony　and　barren；　neither　clothed　with　woods；　distinguished　by　rivers；　nor　adorned　by　meadows；　ever　exposed　to　the　winds　and　tempests；　and　continually　subject　to　the　hostile　attacks　of　the　Flemings　on　one　side；　and　of　the　Welsh　on　the　other。　　For　the　holy　men　who　settled　here；　chose　purposely　such　a　retired　habitation；　that　by　avoiding　the　noise　of　the　world；　and　preferring　an　heremitical　to　a　pastoral　life；　they　might　more　freely　provide　for　〃that　part　which　shall　not　be　taken　away；〃　for　David　was　remarkable　for　his　sanctity　and　religion；　as　the　history　of　his　life　will　testify。　　Amongst　the　many　miracles　recorded　of　him；　three　appear　to　me　the　most　worthy　of　admiration：　　his　origin　and　conception；　his　pre…election　thirty　years　before　his　birth；　and　what　exceeds　all；　the　sudden　rising　of　the　ground；　at　Brevy；　under　his　feet　while　preaching；　to　the　great　astonishment　of　all　the　beholders。

Since　the　time　of　David；　twenty…five　archbishops　presided　over　the　see　of　Menevia；　whose　names　are　here　subjoined：　　David；　Cenauc；　Eliud；　who　was　also　called　Teilaus；　Ceneu；　Morwal；　Haerunen；　Elwaed；　Gurnuen；　Lendivord；　Gorwysc；　Cogan；　Cledauc；　Anian；　Euloed；　Ethelmen；　Elauc；　Malscoed；　Sadermen；　Catellus；　Sulhaithnai；　Nonis；　Etwal；　Asser；　Arthuael；　Sampson。　　In　the　time　of　Sampson；　the　pall　was　translated　from　Menevia　in　the　following　manner：　　a　disorder　called　the　yellow　plague；　and　by　the　physicians　the　icteric　passion；　of　which　the　people　died　in　great　numbers；　raged　throughout　Wales；　at　the　time　when　Sampson　held　the　archiepiscopal　see。　　Though　a　holy　man；　and　fearless　of　death；　he　was　prevailed　upon；　by　the　earnest　intreaties　of　his　people；　to　go　on　board　a　vessel；　which　was　wafted；　by　a　south　wind；　to　Britannia　Armorica；　｛121｝　where　he　and　his　attendants　were　safely　landed。　　The　see　of　Dol　being　at　that　time　vacant；　he　was　immediately　elected　bishop。　　Hence　it　came　to　pass；　that　on　account　of　the　pall　which　Sampson　had　brought　thither　with　him；　the　succeeding　bishops；　even　to　our　times；　always　retained　it。　But　during　the　presidency　of　the　archbishop　of　Tours；　this　adventitious　dignity　ceased；　yet　our　countrymen；　through　indolence　or　poverty；　or　rather　owing　to　the　arrival　of　the　English　into　the　island；　and　the　frequent　hostilities　committed　against　them　by　the　Saxons；　lost　their　archiepiscopal　honours。　　But　until　the　entire　subjugation　of　Wales　by　king　Henry　I。；　the　Welsh　bishops　were　always　consecrated　by　the　bishop　of　St。　David's；　and　he　was　consecrated　by　his　suffragans；　without　any　profession　or　submission　being　made　to　any　other　church。

From　the　time　of　Sampson　to　that　of　king　Henry　I。；　nineteen　bishops　presided　over　this　see：　　Ruelin；　Rodherch；　Elguin；　Lunuerd；　Nergu；　Sulhidir；　Eneuris；　Morgeneu；　who　was　the　first　bishop　of　St。　David's　who　ate　flesh；　and　was　there　killed　by　pirates；　and　he　appeared　to　a　certain　bishop　in　Ireland　on　the　night　of　his　death；　shewing　his　wounds；　and　saying；　〃Because　I　ate　flesh；　I　am　become　flesh。〃　Nathan；　Ievan　（who　was　bishop　only　one　night）；　Argustel；　Morgenueth；　Ervin；　Tramerin；　Joseph；　Bleithud；　Sulghein；　Abraham；　Wilfred。　Since　the　subjugation　of　Wales　to　the　present　time；　three　only　have　held　the　see：　　in　the　reign　of　king　Henry　I。；　Bernard；　in　the　reign　of　king　Stephen；　David　II。；　and　in　the　reign　of　king　Henry　II。；　Peter；　a　monk　of　the　order　of　Cluny；　who　all；　by　the　king's　mandate；　were　consecrated　at　Canterbury；　as　also　Geoffrey；　prior　and　canon　of　Lanthoni；　who　succeeded　them　in　the　reign　of　king　John；　and　was　preferred　to　this　see　by　the　interest　of　Hubert；　archbishop　of　Canterbury；　and　afterwards　consecrated　by　him。　　We　do　not　hear　that　either　before　or　after　that　subjugation；　any　archbishop　of　Canterbury　ever　entered　the　borders　of　Wales；　except　Baldwin；　a　monk　of　the　Cistercian　order；　abbot　of　Ford；　and　afterwards　bishop　of　Worcester；　who　traversed　that　rough；　inaccessible；　and　remote　country　with　a　laudable　devotion　for　the　service　of　the　cross；　and　as　a　token　of　investiture；　celebrated　mass　in　all　the　cathedral　churches。　　So　that　till　lately　the　see　of　St。　David's　owed　no　subjection　to　that　of　Canterbury；　as　may　be　seen　in　the　English　History　of　Bede；　who　says　that　〃Augustine；　bishop　of　the　Angles；　after　the　conversion　of　king　Ethelfred　and　the　English　people；　called　together　the　bishops　of　Wales　on　the　confines　of　the　West　Saxons；　as　legate　of　the　apostolic　see。　　When　the　seven　bishops　｛122｝　appeared；　Augustine；　sitting　in　his　chair；　with　Roman　pride；　did　not　rise　up　at　their　entrance。　　Observing　his　haughtiness　（after　the　example　of　a　holy　anchorite　of　their　nation）；　they　immediately　returned；　and　treated　him　and　his　statutes　with　contempt；　publicly　proclaiming　that　they　would　not　acknowledge　him　for　their　archbishop；　alleging；　that　if　he　now　refused　to　rise　up　to　us；　how　much　more　will　he　hold　us　in　contempt；　if　we　submit　to　be　subject　to　him？〃　　That　there　were　at　that　time　seven　bishops　in　Wales；　and　now　only　four；　may　be　thus　accounted　for；　because　perhaps　there　were　formerly　more　cathedral　churches　in　Wales　than　there　are　at　present；　or　the　extent　of　Wales　might　have　been　greater。　　Amongst　so　many　bishops　thus　deprived　of　their　dignity；　Bernard；　the　first　French　＇i。e。　Norman＇　bishop　of　St。　David's；　alone　defended　the　rights　of　his　church　in　a　public　manner；　and　after　many　expensive　and　vexatious　appeals　to　the　court　of　Rome；　would　not　have　reclaimed　them　in　vain；　if　false　witnesses　had　not　publicly　appeared　at　the　council　of　Rheims；　before　pope　Eugenius；　and　testified　that　he　had　made　profession　and　submission　to　the　see　of　Canterbury。　　Supported　by　three　auxiliaries；　the　favour　and　intimacy　of　king　Henry；　a　time　of　peace；　and　consequent　plenty；　he　boldly　hazarded　the　trial　of　so　great　a　cause；　and　so　confident　was　he　of　his　just　right；　that　he　sometimes　caused　the　cross　to　be　carried　before　him　during　his　journey　through　Wales。

Bernard；　however　commendable　in　some　particulars；　was　remarkable　for　his　insufferable　pride　and　ambition。　　For　as　soon　as　he　became　courtier　and　a　creature　of　the　king's；　panting　after　English　riches　by　means　of　translation；　（a　malady　under　which　all　the　English　sent　hither　seem　to　labour）；　he　alienated　many　of　the　lands　of　his　church　without　either　advantage　or　profit；　and　disposed　of　others　so　indiscreetly　and　improvidently；　that　when　ten　carucates　｛123｝　of　land　were　required　for　military　purposes；　he　would；　with　a　liberal　hand；　give　twenty　or　thirty；　and　of　the　canonical　rites　and　ordinances　which　he　had　miserably　and　unhappily　instituted　at　St。　David's；　he　would　hardly　make　use　of　one；　at　most　only　of　two　or　three。　　With　respect　to　the　two　sees　of　Canterbury　and　St。　David's；　I　will　briefly　explain　my　opinion　of　their　present　state。　　On　one　side；　you　will　see　royal　favour；　affluence　of　riches；　numerous　and　opulent　suffragan　bishops；　great　abundance　of　learned　men　and　well　skilled　in　the　laws；　on　the　other　side；　a　deficiency　of　all　these　things；　and　a　total　want　of　justice；　on　which　account　the　recovery　of　its　ancient　rights　will　not　easily　be　effected；　but　by　means　of　those　great　changes　and　vicissitudes　which　kingdoms　experience　from　various　and　unexpected　events。

The　spot　where　the　church　of　St。　David's　stands；　and　was　founded　in　honour　of　the　apostle　St。　Andrew；　is　called　the　Vale　of　Roses；　which　ought　rather　to　be　named　the　vale　of　marble；　since　it　abounds　with　one；　and　by　no　means　with　the　other。　　The　river　Alun；　a　muddy　and　unproductive　rivulet；　｛124｝　bounding　the　churchyard　on　the　northern　side；　flows　under　a　marble　stone；　called　Lechlavar；　which　has　been　polished　by　continual　treadin