旁白：最大的公司，主要的企业仍然被它们的全权经理们控制着，这些人是前苏维埃的信徒，被称为红色领导人（Red Directors），他们彻底反对年轻一辈的改革家，反对私有化，将俄罗斯的经济制高点私有化的唯一出路是剥夺这些红色领导人的控制权。
GRIGORY YAVLINSKY： In Eastern Europe； the real democratic revolution happened。 it was a real replacement of the political elite。 In Russia； the same people changed their jackets and changed the portraits in the rooms； and instead of saying "；munism"； and "；Lenin"； and "；FiveYear Plan"； started to say "；market；"； "；democracy；"； "；freedom。"；
格里格利。叶维林斯基（Grigory Yavlinsky）：在东欧，进行的是真正的民主革命。在那里，真正地取代了政治势力；而在俄罗斯，同一个人只需要换一下衣服和房间里的挂像就可以改头换面了，他们只需要把“共产主义”、“列宁”、“五年计划”等等这样一些字眼换成“市场”、“民主”、“自由”就行了。
ANATOLY CHUBAIS： I do remember one of the first meetings with the directors； which was very tough； very tough。 They hate the language we speak； they hate the face we have。 They hate everything which was connected with us。 These guys were the real owners of the country。 I was fighting for the real manding heights in terms of who runs the economy。 Who runs the economy； market or the Soviet directors？
阿那特利。丘拜斯（Anatoly Chubais）：我清楚地记得首次与这些企业领导们会面时的情景，真是非常非常困难，他们痛恨我们说话的方式，他们痛恨我们的长相，他们痛恨一切与我们有关的东西，这些人是国家的真正所有者，我们为了获得真正的制高点就谁主宰经济的问题作着斗争，谁主宰经济：市场还是苏维埃的企业领导们？
NARRATOR： The vast factory plex at Norilsk was to bee a major battleground between the Red Directors and a new kind of Russian。 Vladimir Potanin was a buccaneering businessman who quit his job in the foreign ministry and within a few years built a small trading pany into one of Russia's leading banks。
旁白：在诺里尔斯克（Norilsk）这一庞大的综合工业基地将成为红色领导人（Red Director）和新俄罗斯人斗争的主要阵地。弗拉基米尔。波大林（Vladimir Potanin）是一个海盗式的商人，他辞去了在外交部的职务，建立了一个小贸易公司，并在几年之内把这家公司变成了俄罗斯最大的银行之一。
VLADIMIR POTANIN； President； Interros Holding pany： I decided to bee a businessman at the moment when I understood that it is possible。 I grew in a country where it was not possible； and there existed even a special article in a penal court of the Soviet Union which banished entrepreneuring activity。
Interros控股公司（Interros Holding pany）总裁弗拉基米尔。波大林（Vladimir Potanin）：当我意识到有可能了时，我决定要成为一名商人，我生长在一个不可能做这件事的国家，在苏联的刑事法庭中甚至存在一个特别的条款用以处罚创业性活动。
NARRATOR： Potanin's next venture would lead some to see him as an inspired entrepreneur； others as a robber baron。 In 1995 he decided to make a play for Norilsk Nickel； but to take over Norilsk meant going up against one of the most powerful of the old Red Directors； Anatoly Filatov。
旁白：波大林（Potanin）接下来成立的公司使得一部分人认为他是一名优秀的企业家，而另一部分人则把他看作是强盗资本家：1995年，他决定参与经营诺里尔斯克镍厂（Norilsk Nickel），但是，接管镍厂意味着要反对一个最有影响力的红色领导人（Red Directors）——阿那多尼。菲勒多夫（Anatoly Filatov）。
BORIS JORDAN： Filatov of Norilsk； the hardest guy； one of the most powerful men in Russia。 Potanin； who was at that time a relatively unknown person in this country； went up against this guy。 Norilsk Nickel was the test case。
鲍里斯。乔丹：诺里尔斯克的菲勒多夫（Filatov）是最难对付的家伙，他是俄罗斯最有影响的人物之一，波大林（Potanin）那时候在这个国家还不起眼，他站起来反对这个人，诺里尔斯克镍厂（Norilsk Nickel）成了一个考验。
NARRATOR： Potanin needed allies。 These were the richest of the new entrepreneurs。 They came to be known and hated as "；the oligarchs。"；
旁白：波大林（Potanin）需要同盟，他们都是新兴企业家中最富有的一批人，他们被视作“寡头”慢慢地为人所知，并为人所痛恨。
VLADIMIR POTANIN： By 1995； we had new business elite who in my opinion were efficient owners and qualified managers； but they had no property in their hands。 That's why it was the struggle between old Red Directors and new managers who gained their money let's say themselves。
弗拉基米尔。波大林（Vladimir Potanin）：到1995年，我们已经有了新的商业精英，在我看来这些人都是非常有效率的所有者和训练有素的经理，但是他们手里没有财产，他们只能通过自己赚钱，这就是为什么在老红色领导人（Red Directors）和新生代的经理们之间要进行斗争的原因，
NARRATOR： To break the power of the Red Directors； the oligarchs needed political support。
旁白：要冲破红色领导人（Red Directors）的力量，寡头们需要政治上的支持。
VLADIMIR POTANIN： It was politically very difficult to withdraw this power from the Red Directors。 Even the government and even Chubais were not strong enough to win easily this struggle。
弗拉基米尔。波大林（Vladimir Potanin）：要想把权力从红色领导人（Red Directors）手中收回来，在政治上是非常困难的，即使是政府，即使是丘拜斯（Chubais）本人也无法轻易地赢得这场斗争。
NARRATOR： It looked as if the munists were going to win the uping 1996 presidential elections。 Yeltsin and the reformers had to find a way to stop them。
旁白：看起来共产党似乎会赢得即将到来的1996年的总统大选，叶利钦和改革家们必须要找到办法阻止他们。
LILIA SHEVTSOVA： In the beginning of 1996； Yeltsin enjoyed only 5 percent of popularity。 He definitely needed financial assistance； financial resources from the rich people； the oligarchs。
LILIA SHEVTSOVA：在1996年初，叶利钦只有5％的拥护率，毫无疑问，他需要富商—寡头们的财务援助和财务资源。
NARRATOR： The government and the oligarchs needed each other； and they needed to move fast。 The government feared a munist eback； the oligarchs feared the loss of their fortunes。 The oligarchs hammered out a secret deal that would enable them to acquire key industries at a knockdown price。
旁白：政府和寡头们相互需要，而且他们必须迅速采取行动。政府担心共产主义的复辟，寡头们担心他们的财富会被剥夺。寡头们达成了一项秘密协议，使得他们能够以极低的价格获取一些关键的企业。
BORIS JORDAN： Potanin proposed a privatization program which today is still used。 It's exceptionally controversial； a loansforshares program； and that program entailed Russian business giving the government loans in return for taking the shares of strategic assets as collateral。 In fact； what ended up happening is most of these panies ended up getting sold back to the guy that actually provided the loan。
鲍里斯。乔丹（Boris Jordan）：波大林（Potanin）提议了一个私有化的计划，这个计划今天仍然在使用。这个计划是极具争议的，称为贷款换股票计划。这个计划使得俄罗斯商人可以以向政府提供贷款作为抵押的形式而获取战略性资产的股权。实际上，最终的结果是许多这样的公司最终就卖给了那些实际提供贷款的人。
NARRATOR： The oligarchs' money would help Yeltsin fight the presidential election。 In exchange； they wanted the manding heights。
旁白：寡头们提供的资金将帮助叶利钦赢得总统大选，作为交换，他们要求获得国家经济的制高点。
Chapter 20： Closing the Deal ＇3：50＇
第二十章： 交易的结束
ANATOLY CHUBAIS： The dilemma was not should we choose this way of privatization or another way which is more transparent； more open； more public。 The idea was； should we choose this way or nothing。
阿那特利。丘拜斯（Anatoly Chubais）：困难不在于我们是应该选择这种私有化的方式呢，还是该选择另一种更加透明、更加公开的私有化方式，实际的想法是我们应该选择这种方式私有化呢，还是什么都不干。
YEGOR GAIDAR： The point of the loansforshares deal was aimed at creating a critical mass of powerful and influential businessmen whose primary interest would be to prevent the munists from ing back。
尤戈。盖达（Yegor Gaidar）：贷款换股权交易的出发点旨在造就一大批强大和有影响力的商人，这些人的最初利益就是要阻止共产主义的复辟。
NARRATOR： With their media panies and wealth； the oligarchs backed Yeltsin's reelection campaign。 Singing and dancing endlessly across Russia； Yeltsin surged ahead in the polls and to victory。
旁白：通过他们的媒体公司和财富，寡头们支持了叶利钦竞选连任的运动，全俄罗斯载歌载舞，叶利钦在民意测验中大大胜出并赢得了选举。
Potanin entered Yeltsin's Cabinet； the oligarchs' direct voice in the Kremlin。 Potanin had won Norilsk Nickel； and with it； a third of the world's nickel。 For a pany with annual sales of ； Potanin paid 170 million。
波大林（Potanin）进入了叶利钦的内阁，成为寡头们在克里姆林宫的直接代言人，波大林（Potanin）拿下了诺里尔斯克镍厂（Norilsk Nickel），从而也拿下了这个厂的占全世界三分之一的镍产量。波大林（Potanin）只花了亿美元就买下了这个年销售额为25亿美元的公司。
VLADIMIR POTANIN： I felt a great feeling of victory。 Several years before； it was even difficult to think about struggling with Red Directors。 The struggle was won by us； by those who came who are younger； who are more active and more prepared for petition。 Many years later came feeling of a great responsibly for this； because when you win； you bee responsible for everything that is going on。 but it came a little bit later。
弗拉基米尔。波大林（Vladimir Potanin）：我感到了巨大的成就感。几年前，与红色领导人（Red Directors）斗争，这想起来都是困难的，我们赢了，新一代的年轻人赢了，更有活力更渴望竞争的人们赢了。许多年后，我感到了一种巨大的使命感，因为当你成功了，你就要为发生的一切事情负责了，但是这种使命感来得迟了些。
NARRATOR： To many； the loansforshares deal was more than a scandal； it was the theft of the century。 But it was a price Yeltsin was willing to pay to keep the munists out。
旁白：对于许多人来说，贷款换股权交易更多的是一个丑闻，它是整个世纪最大的一次盗窃。但是这是叶利钦为阻止共产主义所愿意付出的代价。
GRIGORY YAVLINSKY： The task was not to distribute the property between 10 personal friends； there were no need for that。 The task was to give the property to millions of people。
格里格利。叶维林斯基（Grigory Yavlinsky）：我们的任务不是在10个私人朋友之间瓜分财产，没有必要这么做，我们的任务是要让成百上千万的人民得到财产。
VLADIMIR POTANIN： We can say that it was artificially yes。 It was cheap； relatively cheap。 It was not transparent。 Yes。 But I think that it was difficult to avoid。 Maybe it was the only way。
弗拉基米尔。波大林（Vladimir Potanin）：我们可以说，这是人为的，是的，是人为的。是便宜，相当便宜，也不透明，是的，这些都是事实。但我想这是很难避免的，也许这是唯一的出路。
GRIGORY YAVLINSKY： The goals are justifying the means。 That's how the Bolsheviks made the revolution in Russia； and that is why it's disaster。 Always when you are using the formula t