d their security。 And； as laws are enacted to enforce good morals； or at least to prevent the ill effects of bad ones； so there are certain rules of civility； universally implied and received； to enforce good manners and punish bad ones。 And； indeed； there seems to me to be less difference； both between the crimes and between the punishments than at first one would imagine。 The immoral man； who invades another man's property； is justly hanged for it； and the ill…bred man； who； by his ill…manners； invades and disturbs the quiet and comforts of private life； is by common consent as justly banished society。 Mutual complaisances； attentions； and sacrifices of little conveniences； are as natural an implied compact between civilized people； as protection and obedience are between kings and subjects； whoever； in either case； violates that compact； justly forfeits all advantages arising from it。 For my own part； I really think； that next to the consciousness of doing a good action； that of doing a civil one is the most pleasing； and the epithet which I should covet the most； next to that of Aristides； would be that of well…bred。 Thus much for good… breeding in general； I will now consider some of the various modes and degrees of it。
Very few； scarcely any； are wanting in the respect which they should show to those whom they acknowledge to be infinitely their superiors； such as crowned heads； princes； and public persons of distinguished and eminent posts。 It is the manner of showing that respect which is different。 The man of fashion and of the world； expresses it in its fullest extent； but naturally； easily； and without concern： whereas a man； who is not used to keep good company； expresses it awkwardly； one sees that he is not used to it； and that it costs him a great deal： but I never saw the worst…bred man living guilty of lolling； whistling； scratching his head； and such… like indecencies； in company that he respected。 In such companies； therefore； the only point to be attended to is to show that respect； which everybody means to show； in an easy； unembarrassed； and graceful manner。 This is what observation and experience must teach you。
In mixed companies； whoever is admitted to make part of them； is； for the time at least； supposed to be upon a footing of equality with the rest： and consequently； as there is no one principal object of awe and respect； people are apt to take a greater latitude in their behavior； and to be less upon their guard； and so they may； provided it be within certain bounds； which are upon no occasion to be transgressed。 But； upon these occasions； though no one is entitled to distinguished marks of respect； everyone claims； and very justly； every mark of civility and good… breeding。 Ease is allowed； but carelessness and negligence are strictly forbidden。 If a man accosts you； and talks to you ever so dully or frivolously； it is worse than rudeness； it is brutality； to show him； by a manifest inattention to what he says； that you think him a fool or a blockhead； and not worth hearing。 It is much more so with regard to women； who； of whatever rank they are； are entitled； in consideration of their sex； not only to an attentive； but an officious good…breeding from men。 Their little wants； likings； dislikes； preferences； antipathies； fancies； whims； and even impertinencies； must be officiously attended to； flattered； and； if possible； guessed at and anticipated by a well…bred man。 You must never usurp to yourself those conveniences and 'agremens' which are of common right； such as the best places； the best dishes； etc。； but on the contrary； always decline them yourself； and offer them to others； who； in their turns； will offer them to you； so that； upon the whole； you will in your turn enjoy your share of the common right。 It would be endless for me to enumerate all the particular instances in which a well…bred man shows his good…breeding in good company； and it would be injurious to you to suppose that your own good sense will not point them out to you； and then your own good…nature will recommend； and your self…interest enforce the practice。
There is a third sort of good…breeding； in which people are the most apt to fail； from a very mistaken notion that they cannot fail at all。 I mean with regard to one's most familiar friends and acquaintances； or those who really are our inferiors； and there； undoubtedly； a greater degree of ease is not only allowed； but proper； and contributes much to the comforts of a private； social life。 But that ease and freedom have their bounds too； which must by no means be violated。 A certain degree of negligence and carelessness becomes injurious and insulting； from the real or supposed inferiority of the persons： and that delightful liberty of conversation among a few friends is soon destroyed； as liberty often has been； by being carried to licentiousness。 But example explains things best； and I will put a pretty strong case。 Suppose you and me alone together； I believe you will allow that I have as good a right to unlimited freedom in your company； as either you or I can possibly have in any other； and I am apt to believe too； that you would indulge me in that freedom as far as anybody would。 But； notwithstanding this； do you imagine that I should think there were no bounds to that freedom？ I assure you； I should not think so； and I take myself to be as much tied down by a certain degree of good manners to you； as by other degrees of them to other people。 Were I to show you； by a manifest inattention to what you said to me； that I was thinking of something else the whole time； were I to yawn extremely； snore； or break wind in your company； I should think that I behaved myself to you like a beast； and should not expect that you would care to frequent me。 No。 The most familiar and intimate habitudes； connections； and friendships； require a degree of good…breeding； both to preserve and cement them。 If ever a man and his wife； or a man and his mistress； who pass nights as well as days together； absolutely lay aside all good…breeding； their intimacy will soon degenerate into a coarse familiarity； infallibly productive of contempt or disgust。 The best of us have our bad sides； and it is as imprudent； as it is ill…bred； to exhibit them。 I shall certainly not use ceremony with you； it would be misplaced between us： but I shall certainly observe that degree of good…breeding with you； which is； in the first place； decent； and which I am sure is absolutely necessary to make us like one another's company long。
I will say no more； now； upon this important subject of good…breeding； upon which I have already dwelt too long； it may be； for one letter； and upon which I shall frequently refresh your memory hereafter； but I will conclude with these axioms：
That the deepest learning； without good…breeding； is unwelcome and tiresome pedantry； and of use nowhere but in a man's own closet； and consequently of little or no use at all。
That a man； Who is not perfectly well…bred； is unfit for good company and unwelcome in it； will consequently dislike it soon； afterward renounce it； and be reduced to solitude； or； what is worse； low and bad company。
That a man who is not well…bred； is full as unfit for business as for company。
Make then； my dear child； I conjure you； good…breeding the great object of your thoughts and actions； at least half the day。 Observe carefully the behavior and manners of those who are distinguished by their good… breeding； imitate； nay； endeavor to excel； that you may at least reach them； and be convinced that good…breeding is； to all worldly qualifications； what charity is to all Christian virtues。 Observe how it adorns merit； and how often it covers the want of it。 May you wear it to adorn； and not to cover you！ Adieu。
LETTER LXXXIX
LONDON； November 14； O。 S。 1749。
DEAR BOY： There is a natural good…breeding which occurs to every man of common sense； and is practiced by every man； of common good…nature。 This good…breeding is general； independent of modes； and consists in endeavors to please and oblige our fellow…creatures by all good offices； short of moral duties。 This will be practiced by a good…natured American savage； as essentially as by the best…bred European。 But then； I do not take it to extend to the sacrifice of our own conveniences； for the sake of other people's。 Utility introduced this sort of good…breeding as it introduced commerce； and established a truck of the little 'agremens' and pleasures of life。 I sacrifice such a conveniency to you； you sacrifice another to me； this commerce circulates； and every individual finds his account in it upon the whole。 The third sort of good…breeding is local； and is variously modified； in not only different countries； but in different towns of the same country。 But it must be founded upon the two former sorts； they are the matter to which； in this case； fashion and custom only give the different shapes and impressions。 Whoever has the two first sorts will easily acquire this third sort of good…breeding； which depends singly upon attention and observation。 It is； properly； the polish； the lustre； the last finishing stroke of good…breeding。 It is to be found only in capitals； and even there it varies； the good…breeding of Rome differing； in some things； from that of Paris； that of Paris； in others； from that of Madrid； and that of Madrid； in many things； from that of London。 A man of sense； therefore； carefully attends to the local manners of the respective places where he is； and takes for his models those persons whom he observes to be at the head of fashion and good…breeding。 He watches how they address themselves to their superiors； how they accost their equals； and how they treat their inferiors； and lets none of those little niceties escape him which are to good…breeding what the last delicate and masterly touches are to a good picture； and of which the vulgar have no notion； but by which good judges distinguish the master。 He attends even to their air； dress； and motions； and imitates them； liberally； and not servilely； he copies； but does not mimic。 These personal graces are of very great consequence。 They anticipate the sentiments； before merit can e