hold them from going so tragically wrong that they will pull down the whole jointed fabric of society by their misdeeds … even before a court of law； as we begin to see in these last days； our easy view of following at each other's tails； alike to good and evil； is beginning to be reproved and punished； and declared no honesty at all； but open theft and swindling； and simpletons who have gone on through life with a quiet conscience may learn suddenly； from the lips of a judge； that the custom of the trade may be a custom of the devil。 You thought it was easy to be honest。 Did you think it was easy to be just and kind and truthful？ Did you think the whole duty of aspiring man was as simple as a horn…pipe？ and you could walk through life like a gentleman and a hero； with no more concern than it takes to go to church or to address a circular？ And yet all this time you had the eighth commandment！ and； what makes it richer； you would not have broken it for the world！
The truth is； that these commandments by themselves are of little use in private judgment。 If compression is what you want； you have their whole spirit compressed into the golden rule； and yet there expressed with more significance； since the law is there spiritually and not materially stated。 And in truth； four out of these ten commands； from the sixth to the ninth； are rather legal than ethical。 The police…court is their proper home。 A magistrate cannot tell whether you love your neighbour as yourself； but he can tell more or less whether you have murdered； or stolen； or committed adultery； or held up your hand and testified to that which was not； and these things； for rough practical tests； are as good as can be found。 And perhaps； therefore； the best condensation of the Jewish moral law is in the maxims of the priests； 'neminem laedere' and 'suum cuique tribuere。' But all this granted； it becomes only the more plain that they are inadequate in the sphere of personal morality； that while they tell the magistrate roughly when to punish； they can never direct an anxious sinner what to do。
Only Polonius； or the like solemn sort of ass； can offer us a succinct proverb by way of advice； and not burst out blushing in our faces。 We grant them one and all and for all that they are worth； it is something above and beyond that we desire。 Christ was in general a great enemy to such a way of teaching； we rarely find him meddling with any of these plump commands but it was to open them out； and lift his hearers from the letter to the spirit。 For morals are a personal affair； in the war of righteousness every man fights for his own hand； all the six hundred precepts of the Mishna cannot shake my private judgment； my magistracy of myself is an indefeasible charge； and my decisions absolute for the time and case。 The moralist is not a judge of appeal； but an advocate who pleads at my tribunal。 He has to show not the law； but that the law applies。 Can he convince me？ then he gains the cause。 And thus you find Christ giving various counsels to varying people； and often jealously careful to avoid definite precept。 Is he asked； for example； to divide a heritage？ He refuses： and the best advice that he will offer is but a paraphrase of that tenth commandment which figures so strangely among the rest。 TAKE HEED； AND BEWARE OF COVETOUSNESS。 If you complain that this is vague； I have failed to carry you along with me in my argument。 For no definite precept can be more than an illustration； though its truth were resplendent like the sun； and it was announced from heaven by the voice of God。 And life is so intricate and changing； that perhaps not twenty times； or perhaps not twice in the ages； shall we find that nice consent of circumstances to which alone it can apply。
LAY MORALS CHAPTER III
ALTHOUGH the world and life have in a sense become commonplace to our experience； it is but in an external torpor； the true sentiment slumbers within us； and we have but to reflect on ourselves or our surroundings to rekindle our astonishment。 No length of habit can blunt our first surprise。 Of the world I have but little to say in this connection； a few strokes shall suffice。 We inhabit a dead ember swimming wide in the blank of space； dizzily spinning as it swims； and lighted up from several million miles away by a more horrible hell…fire than was ever conceived by the theological imagination。 Yet the dead ember is a green； commodious dwelling…place； and the reverberation of this hell…fire ripens flower and fruit and mildly warms us on summer eves upon the lawn。 Far off on all hands other dead embers； other flaming suns； wheel and race in the apparent void； the nearest is out of call； the farthest so far that the heart sickens in the effort to conceive the distance。 Shipwrecked seamen on the deep； though they bestride but the truncheon of a boom； are safe and near at home compared with mankind on its bullet。 Even to us who have known no other； it seems a strange； if not an appalling； place of residence。
But far stranger is the resident； man； a creature compact of wonders that； after centuries of custom； is still wonderful to himself。 He inhabits a body which he is continually outliving； discarding and renewing。 Food and sleep； by an unknown alchemy； restore his spirits and the freshness of his countenance。 Hair grows on him like grass； his eyes； his brain； his sinews； thirst for action； he joys to see and touch and hear； to partake the sun and wind； to sit down and intently ponder on his astonishing attributes and situation； to rise up and run； to perform the strange and revolting round of physical functions。 The sight of a flower； the note of a bird； will often move him deeply； yet he looks unconcerned on the impassable distances and portentous bonfires of the universe。 He comprehends； he designs； he tames nature； rides the sea； ploughs； climbs the air in a balloon； makes vast inquiries； begins interminable labours； joins himself into federations and populous cities； spends his days to deliver the ends of the earth or to benefit unborn posterity； and yet knows himself for a piece of unsurpassed fragility and the creature of a few days。 His sight； which conducts him； which takes notice of the farthest stars； which is miraculous in every way and a thing defying explanation or belief； is yet lodged in a piece of jelly； and can be extinguished with a touch。 His heart； which all through life so indomitably； so athletically labours； is but a capsule； and may be stopped with a pin。 His whole body； for all its savage energies； its leaping and its winged desires； may yet be tamed and conquered by a draught of air or a sprinkling of cold dew。 What he calls death； which is the seeming arrest of everything； and the ruin and hateful transformation of the visible body； lies in wait for him outwardly in a thousand accidents； and grows up in secret diseases from within。 He is still learning to be a man when his faculties are already beginning to decline； he has not yet understood himself or his position before he inevitably dies。 And yet this mad； chimerical creature can take no thought of his last end； lives as though he were eternal； plunges with his vulnerable body into the shock of war； and daily affronts death with unconcern。 He cannot take a step without pain or pleasure。 His life is a tissue of sensations； which he distinguishes as they seem to come more directly from himself or his surroundings。 He is conscious of himself as a joyer or a sufferer； as that which craves； chooses； and is satisfied； conscious of his surroundings as it were of an inexhaustible purveyor； the source of aspects； inspirations； wonders； cruel knocks and transporting caresses。 Thus he goes on his way； stumbling among delights and agonies。
Matter is a far…fetched theory； and materialism is without a root in man。 To him everything is important in the degree to which it moves him。 The telegraph wires and posts； the electricity speeding from clerk to clerk； the clerks； the glad or sorrowful import of the message； and the paper on which it is finally brought to him at home； are all equally facts； all equally exist for man。 A word or a thought can wound him as acutely as a knife of steel。 If he thinks he is loved； he will rise up and glory to himself； although he be in a distant land and short of necessary bread。 Does he think he is not loved？ … he may have the woman at his beck； and there is not a joy for him in all the world。 Indeed； if we are to make any account of this figment of reason； the distinction between material and immaterial； we shall conclude that the life of each man as an individual is immaterial； although the continuation and prospects of mankind as a race turn upon material conditions。 The physical business of each man's body is transacted for him； like a sybarite； he has attentive valets in his own viscera； he breathes； he sweats； he digests without an effort； or so much as a consenting volition； for the most part he even eats； not with a wakeful consciousness； but as it were between two thoughts。 His life is centred among other and more important considerations； touch him in his honour or his love； creatures of the imagination which attach him to mankind or to an individual man or woman； cross him in his piety which connects his soul with heaven； and he turns from his food； he loathes his breath； and with a magnanimous emotion cuts the knots of his existence and frees himself at a blow from the web of pains and pleasures。
It follows that man is twofold at least； that he is not a rounded and autonomous empire； but that in the same body with him there dwell other powers tributary but independent。 If I now behold one walking in a garden； curiously coloured and illuminated by the sun； digesting his food with elaborate chemistry； breathing； circulating blood； directing himself by the sight of his eyes； accommodating his body by a thousand delicate balancings to the wind and the uneven surface of the path； and all the time； perhaps； with his mind engaged about America； or the dog…star； or the attr