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among　them　giants　and　dwarfs；　well…formed　bodies　and　cripples；



civilised；　half…civilised；　and　barbarous　nations；　but　in　all　of



them；　as　in　the　individual　human　being；　exists　the　impulse　of



self…preservation；　the　striving　for　improvement　which　is　implanted



by　nature。　It　is　the　task　of　politics　to　civilise　the　barbarous



nationalities；　to　make　the　small　and　weak　ones　great　and　strong；



but；　above　all；　to　secure　to　them　existence　and　continuance。　It　is



the　task　of　national　economy　to　accomplish　the　economical



development　of　the　nation；　and　to　prepare　it　for　admission　into　the



universal　society　of　the　future。



　　　　A　nation　in　its　normal　state　possesses　one　common　language　and



literature；　a　territory　endowed　with　manifold　natural　resources；



extensive；　and　with　convenient　frontiers　and　a　numerous　population。



Agriculture；　manufactures；　commerce；　and　navigation　must　be　all



developed　in　it　proportionately。　arts　and　sciences；　educational



establishments；　and　universal；　cultivation　must　stand　in　it　on　an



equal　footing　with　material　production。　Its　constitution；　laws；　and



institutions　must　afford　to　those　who　belong　to　it　a　high　degree　of



security　and　liberty；　and　must　promote　religion；　morality；　and



prosperity；　in　a　word；　must　have　the　well…being　of　its　citizens　as



their　object。　It　must　possess　sufficient　power　on　land　and　at　sea



to　defend　its　independence　and　to　protect　its　foreign　commerce。　It



will　possess　the　power　of　beneficially　affecting　the　civilisation



of　less　advanced　nations；　and　by　means　of　its　own　surplus



population　and　of　their　mental　and　material　capital　to　found



colonies　and　beget　new　nations。



　　　　A　large　population；　and　an　extensive　territory　endowed　with



manifold　national　resources；　are　essential　requirements　of　the



normal　nationality；　they　are　the　fundamental　conditions　of　mental



cultivation　as　well　as　of　material　development　and　political　power。



A　nation　restricted　in　the　number　of　its　population　and　in



territory；　especially　if　it　has　a　separate　language；　can　only



possess　a　crippled　literature；　crippled　institutions　for　promoting



art　and　science。　A　small　State　can　never　bring　to　complete



perfection　within　its　territory　the　various　branches　of　production。



In　it　all　protection　becomes　mere　private　monopoly。　Only　through



alliances　with　more　powerful　nations；　by　partly　sacrificing　the



advantages　of　nationality；　and　by　excessive　energy；　can　it　maintain



with　difficulty　its　independence。



　　　　A　nation　which　possesses　no　coasts；　mercantile　marine；　or　naval



power；　or　has　not　under　its　dominion　and　control　the　mouths　of　its



rivers；　is　in　its　foreign　commerce　dependent　on　other　countries；　it



can　neither　establish　colonies　of　its　own　nor　form　new　nations；　all



surplus　population；　mental　and　material　means；　which　flows　from



such　a　nation　to　uncultivated　countries；　is　lost　to　its　own



literature；　civilisation　and　industry；　and　goes　to　the　benefit　of



other　nationalities。



　　　　A　nation　not　bounded　by　seas　and　chains　of　mountains　lies　open



to　the　attacks　of　foreign　nations；　and　can　only　by　great



sacrifices；　and　in　any　case　only　very　imperfectly；　establish　and



maintain　a　separate　tariff　system　of　its　own。



　　　　Territorial　deficiencies　of　the　nation　can　be　remedied　either



by　means　of　hereditary　succession；　as　in　the　case　of　England　and



Scotland；　or　by　purchase；　as　in　the　case　of　Florida　and　Louisiana；



or　by　conquests；　as　in　the　case　of　Great　Britain　and　Ireland。



　　　　In　modern　times　a　fourth　means　has　been　adopted；　which　leads　to



this　object　in　a　manner　much　more　in　accordance　with　justice　and



with　the　prosperity　of　nations　than　conquest；　and　which　is　not　so



dependent　on　accidents　as　hereditary　succession；　namely；　the　union



of　the　interests　of　various　States　by　means　of　free　conventions。



　　　　By　its　Zollverein；　the　German　nation　first　obtained　one　of　the



most　important　attributes　of　its　nationality。　But　this　measure



cannot　be　considered　complete　so　long　as　it　does　not　extend　over



the　whole　coast；　from　the　mouth　of　the　Rhine　to　the　frontier　of



Poland；　including　Holland　and　Denmark。　A　natural　consequence　of



this　union　must　be　the　admission　of　both　these　countries　into　the



German　Bund；　and　consequently　into　the　German　nationality；　whereby



the　latter　will　at　once　obtain　what　it　is　now　in　need　of；　namely；



fisheries　and　naval　power；　maritime　commerce　and　colonies。　Besides；



both　these　nations　belong；　as　respects　their　descent　and　whole



character；　to　the　German　nationality。　The　burden　of　debt　with　which



they　are　oppressed　is　merely　a　consequence　of　their　unnatural



endeavours　to　maintain　themselves　as　independent　nationalities；　and



it　is　in　the　nature　of　things　that　this　evil　should　rise　to　a　point



when　it　will　become　intolerable　to　those　two　nations　themselves；



and　when　incorporation　with　a　larger　nationality　must　seem



desirable　and　necessary　to　them。



　　　　Belgium　can　only　remedy　by　means　of　confederation　with　a



neighbouring　larger　nation　her　needs　which　are　inseparable　from　her



restricted　territory　and　population。　The　United　States　and　Canada；



the　more　their　population　increases；　and　the　more　the　protective



system　of　the　United　States　is　developed；　so　much　the　more　will



they　feel　themselves　drawn　towards　one　another；　and　the　less　will



it　be　possible　for　England　to　prevent　a　union　between　them。



　　　　As　respects　their　economy；　nations　have　to　pass　through　the



following　stages　of　development：　original　barbarism；　pastoral



condition；　agricultural　condition；　agricultural…manufacturing



condition；　and　agricultural…manufacturing…commercial　condition。



　　　　The　industrial　history　of　nations；　and　of　none　more　clearly



than　that　of　England；　proves　that　the　transition　from　the　savage



state　to　the　pastoral　one；　from　the　pastoral　to　the　agricultural；



and　from　agriculture　to　the　first　beginnings　in　manufacture　and



navigation；　is　effected　most　speedily　and　advantageously　by　means



of　free　commerce　with　further　advanced　towns　and　countries；　but



that　a　perfectly　developed　manufacturing　industry；　an　important



mercantile　marine；　and　foreign　trade　on　a　really　large　scale；　can



only　be　attained　by　means　of　the　interposition　of　the　power　of　the



State。



　　　　The　less　any　nation's　agriculture　has　been　perfected；　and　the



more　its　foreign　trade　is　in　want　of　opportunities　of　exchanging



the　excess　of　native　agricultural　products　and　raw　materials　for



foreign　manufactured　goods；　the　deeper　that　the　nation　is　still



sunk　in　barbarism　and　fitted　only　for　an　absolute　monarchical　form



of　government　and　legislation；　the　more　will　free　trade　（i。e。　the



exportation　of　agricultural　products　and　the　importation　of



manufactured　goods）　promote　its　prosperity　and　civilisation。



　　　　On　the　other　hand；　the　more　that　the　agriculture　of　a　nation；



its　industries；　and　its　social；　political；　and　municipal



conditions；　are　thoroughly　developed；　the　less　advantage　will　it　be



able　to　derive　for　the　improvement　of　its　social　conditions；　from



the　exchange　of　native　agricultural　products　and　raw　materials　for



foreign　manufactured　goods；　and　the　greater　disadvantages　will　it



experience　from　the　successful　competition　of　a　foreign



manufacturing　power　superior　to　its　own。



　　　　Solely　in　nations　of　the　latter　kind；　namely；　those　which



possess　all　the　necessary　mental　and　material　conditions　and　means



for　establishing　a　manufacturing　power　of　their　own；　and　of　thereby



attaining　the　highest　degree　of　civilisation；　and　development　of



material　prosperity　and　political　power；　but　which　are　retarded　in



their　progress　by　the　competition　of　a　foreign　manufacturing　power



which　is　already　farther　advanced　than　their　own　　only　in　such



nations　are　commercial　restrictions　justifiable　for　the　purpose　of



establishing　and　protecting　their　own　manufacturing　power；　and　even



in　them　it　is　justifiable　only　until　that　manufacturing　power　is



strong　enough　no　longer　to　have　any　reason　to　fear　foreign



competition；　and　thenceforth　only　so　far　as　may　be　necessary　for



protecting　the　inland　manufacturing　power　in　its　very　roots。



　　　　The　system　of　protection　would　not　merely　be　contrary　to　the



principles　of　cosmopolitical　economy；　but　also　to　the　rightly



understood　advantage　of　the　nation　itself；　were　it　to　exclude



foreign　competition　at　once　and　altogether；　and　thus　isolate　from



other　nations　the　nation　which　is　thus　protected。　If　the



manufacturing　power　to　be　protected　be　still　in　the　first　period　of



its　development；　the　protective　duties　must　be　very　moderate；　they



must　only　rise　gradually　with　the　increase　of　the　mental　and



material　capital；　of　the　technical　abilities　and　spirit　of



enterprise　of　the　nation。　Neither　is　it　at　all　necessary　that　all



branches　of　industry　should　be　protected　in　the　same　degree。　Only



the　most　important　branches　require　special　protection；　for　the



working　of　which　much　outlay　of　capital　in　building　and　management；



much　machinery；　and　therefore　much　technical　knowledge；　skill；　and



experience；　and　many　workmen　are　required；　and　whose　products



belong　to　the　category　of　the　first　necessaries　of　life；　and



consequently　are　of　the　greatest　importance　as　regards　their　total



value　as　well　as　regards　national　independence　（as；　for　example；



cotton；　woollen　and　linen　manufactories；　&c。）。　If　these　main



branches　are　suitably　protected　and　developed；　all　other　less



important　branches　of　manufacture　will　rise　up　around　them　under　a



le