心理学与生活- 第66部分

Interviews　

Psychologist　Jean　Berko…Gleason　explains　the　role　of　social　interaction　in　language
development。


Anne　Fernald　examines　how　pre…verbal　children　interpret　the　melodies；　intonations；　and　tones　
of　mothers　of　various　languages。　

Psychologist　Dan　Slobin　discusses　how　children　invent　their　own　system　of　grammar　and　
syntax　regardless　of　the　adult　grammatical　patterns　that　they　hear　around　them。　

Linguist　Noam　Chomsky　examines　how　a　child　acquires　the　ability　to　produce　sophisticated　
sentence　structures。　

PROGRAM　18：　MATURING　AND　AGING　

Overview　

What　really　happens；　physically　and　psychologically；　as　we　age；　and　how　society　reacts　to　the　
last　stages　of　life。　

Key　Issues　

Erikson’s　eight　stages　of　psychosocial　development；　societal　treatment　of　the　elderly；　mid…life　
crisis；　modifying　biological　and　psychological　effects　of　aging；　the　elderly　and　sexuality；　the　
effects　of　media　on　the　perception　of　the　elderly；　and　the　elderly’s　ability　to　learn。　

Demonstrations　

Similarities　among　aged　rabbits　and　human　beings　in　the　classic　conditioning　of　the　eyelid　
response。　

Archival　Demonstrations　

Journalist　Pat　Moore　dresses　as　an　elderly　woman　and　walks　the　streets　to　demonstrate　
prejudice　against　the　aged。　

Interviews　

Dr。　Daniel　Levinson　examines　the　life　cycle　as　divided　into　four　eras　of　development：
childhood；　early　adulthood；　middle　adulthood；　and　late　adulthood。


Diane　Woodruf…Pak　examines　parallels　between　aged　rabbits　and　aged　human　beings　in　their　
underlying　brain　circuits。　

Sherry　Willis　examines　new　educational　training　methods　that　help　the　elderly　function　more　
effectively。　

B。　F。　Skinner　discusses　how　he　has　remained　active　and　able　in　his　field。　
Werner　Schaie　examines　the　physical　and　psychological　qualities　the　aged　share。　

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PSYCHOLOGY　AND　LIFE　

Erik　Erikson　examines　the　identity　crisis　he　experienced　as　a　newer　to　the　United　States。　
Erikson’s　eight　stages　of　psychosocial　development　are　examined。　

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CHAPTER　11：　HUMAN　DEVELOPMENT　ACROSS　THE　LIFE　SPAN　

FILMS　AND　VIDEOS　

Baby　Talk　（1984）。　IU　（MG）；　49　minutes　

Examines　modern　research　into　child　language　development。　Explores　fetal　and　infant　responses　to　
speech；　the　innateness　of　language　ability　in　humans；　the　relationship　between　cognition　and　
language；　the　overgeneralization　of　syntactic　rules　by　young　children；　and　the　processes　by　which　
infants　and　young　children　interpret　adult　speech　to　build　a　grammar。　Contains　interviews　with　
Jerome　Bruner；　Noam　Chomsky；　Dan　Slobin；　Peter　Eimns；　Catherine　Snow；　Jean　Berko…Gleason；　
Andrew　Malzoff；　and　Eve　Clark。　The　interviews　make　this　film　worthwhile。　

Child　Language：　Learning　without　Teaching　（1981）。　IU　（DAVSN）；　20　minutes　

Follows　the　development　of　children’s　language　acquisition　from　infancy　through　early　childhood。　
Introduces　one　of　the　most　involved　learning　processes　a　child　encounters：　mastering　the　plex　
system　of　meanings；　grammatical　rules；　and　sounds　called　language。　Shows　many　of　the　problems　
children　face　while　learning　to　municate。　Gives　examples　of　misunderstandings　that　can　occur　
between　a　child　and　an　adult　because　of　differing　interpretations　of　words　and　sentences。　

The　Mind：　Development　（1988）。　HARR；　24　minutes　

Traces　the　development　of　neurons　and　glial　cells　in　fetal　brain　development。　Portrays　experiments　
designed　to　track　the　beginning　of　memory　and　children’s　ability　to　categorize。　Discusses　the　
maturational　milestones　of　developing　a　sense　of　self　and　moral　development。　

Piaget’s　Developmental　Theory：　Classification　（1975）。　POLY；　20　minutes　

Piaget’s　theory　of　cognitive　development；　with　emphasis　on　adapting　to　parenthood。　Shows　how　
the　expectations　for　the　arrival　of　the　first　baby　may　differ　from　the　reality　of　sleepless　nights；　crying　
infants；　etc。　The　adaptation　required　is　still　on　point　for　new　parents。　

Coping　with　Serious　Illness　（1980）。　TLF；　25　to　33　minutes　

A　series　that　documents　the　last　years　of　Joan　Robinson；　a　woman　dying　of　cancer。　

Episode　1：　Facing　Death　

Deals　with　the　issue　of　terminal　illness　and　facing　death。　The　Robinsons　are　shown　going　
through　the　painful　process　of　realizing　that　Joan　is　going　to　die。　Psychiatrists；　doctors；　and　
others　experienced　in　dealing　with　the　dying　discuss　the　current　knowledge　of　facing　death　
and　the　various　choices　the　ill　and　their　families　need　to　make：　whether　to　die　at　home；　in　a　
hospital；　or　in　a　hospice　for　the　terminally　ill。　

Episode　2：　Finance　

Examines　ways　of　coping　with　the　financial　aspects　of　being　seriously　ill。　Lawyers　and
consumer　advocates　discuss　patients’　rights　and　legal　issues。


Episode　3：　Pain　

Shows　approaches　to　coping　with　both　pain　and　the　fear　of　pain。　Explains　the　effects　of　
suffering　on　the　personality；　the　differences　between　types　of　pain；　and　methods　available　for　
treating　pain。　

Episode　4：　Relationships　and　Stress　

The　Robinson　family　and　friends　address　the　changing　relationships　with　family；　friends；　and　
medical　personnel。　Discusses　how　serious　illness　materially　changes　relationships；　and　coping　
with　the　emotions　and　strain；　following　diagnosis　of　a　serious　illness。　

Episode　5：　Sexuality　

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Deals　with　the　difficult　issue　of　sexuality　and　the　need　for　loving　at　critical　times　as　well　as　

during　times　of　little　stress。　Interviews　with　the　Robinsons　and　testimony　from　other　men　and　

women　illustrate　the　difficulties　married　couples　face　dealing　with　this　issue。　Experts　discuss　

ways　of　showing　and　receiving　physical　expressions　of　love　while　coping　with　illness。　

Euthanasia：　Murder　or　Mercy　（1985）。　CHUK；　30　minutes　

A　look　at　a　current　social　problem：　the　control　of　dying　and　a　patient’s　right　to　die。　With　the　advent　
of　Jack　Kevorkian’s　position；　this　film　may　be　more　relevant　than　ever。　

The　Mind：　Aging　（1988）。　HARR；　24　minutes　

Attributes　the　differential　effects　of　aging　on　cognitive　processes　to　an　interaction　between　genetic　
and　environmental　factors。　Depicts　experiments　conducted　to　pinpoint　the　areas　of　the　brain　
involved　in　cognitive　deficits。　Contradicts　the　myth　that　memory　deficits　are　an　inevitable　part　of　
aging。　Emphasizes　that　an　active；　purposeful　old　age　depends　on　staying　physically　and　mentally　
active。　Shows　research　on　the　biological　mechanisms　that　cause　Alzheimer’s　disease；　and　discusses　
one　possible　solution　for　decreasing　the　debilitating　effects　of　this　disease。　

On　Death　and　Dying　（1974）。　FI；　40　minutes　

Dr。　Elisabeth　Kubler…Ross　discusses　her　experiences　in　helping　the　terminally　ill　face　death　without　
fear。　She　stresses　the　importance　of　municating　with　them　in　a　way　that　recognizes　their　
feelings。　Somewhat　dated；　but　the　basic　issues　remain　constant。　

Vygotsky’s　Developmental　Theory　（1994）。　Davidson　Films　

Presents　Lev　Vygotsky’s　early　childhood　learning　theories　and　demonstrates　them　in　classrooms。　
Development；　according　to　Vygotsky；　cannot　be　separated　from　its　social　context：　it　is　misleading　to　
evaluate　children　only　on　what　they　acplish　independently。　

The　Infant　Mind　（1992）。　Insight　Media；　30　minutes　

Jean　Piaget’s　stage　theories　of　object　permanence　and　sensory…motor　development　are　explained　
and　challenged。　Research　with　newborns　has　revealed　that　infants　possess　a　basic　perception　of　
cause　and　effect；　number；　and　object　permanence　and　that　memory　skills　and　the　capacity　to　form　
concepts　are　present　much　earlier　than　formerly　believed。　

The　Seven　Ages　of　the　Brain　（1995）。　Films　for　the　Humanities　&　Sciences；　58　minutes　

Focuses　on　how　a　brain　grows　from　a　fertilized　egg　and　how　our　brains　change；　even　after　birth；　
right　up　to　old　age。　The　establishment　of　connections　between　brain　cells　occurs　not　only　in　the　
womb；　but　also　after　birth。　These　connections　can　be　modified；　or　even　abolished；　in　accordance　
with　certain　changes　in　the　environment。　Part　of　the　British　Royal　Institute　Lecture　series。　

Aging　Successfully：　Psychological　Aspects　of　Growing　Old　（1998）。　Davidson　Films；　30　minutes　

Discusses　the　concepts　developed　by　the　Baltes　for　assessing　the　means　by　which　some　people　cope　
better　psychologically　with　old　age。　Selection；　optimization；　and　pensation　are　three　important　
coping　strategies　to　deal　with　the　decline　in　physical　and　some　mental　functions；　while　developing　
wisdom。　

plaints　of　a　Dutiful　Daughter　（1995）。　Women　Make　Movies；　44　minutes　

Shows　interactions　between　an　Alzheimer’s　patient　and　her　daughter。　The　daughter　discusses　the　
various　stages　of　the　disease；　how　she　dealt　with　each　and　how　she　arrived　at　a　positive　resolution。　

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CHAPTER　12　
Motivation　

LEARNING　OBJECTIVES　

On　pletion　of　this　chapter；　students　should　be　able　to：　

1。　Describe　the　five　functions　of　motivational　concepts　
2。　Explain　the　various　sources　of　motivation；　including　instinctual；　emotional；　and　cognitive　
sources　
3。　municate　the　difference　between　William　James’　and　Sigmund　Freud’s　conception　on　
instinctual　behaviors　
4。　Describe　social　learning　theory　and　its　relationship　to　internal　and　external　sources　of　
attributions　
5。　Identify　the　two　major　eating　disorders　
6。　Explain　the　different　reproductive　strategies　that　may　be　employed　by　males　and　females　
7。　Describe　the　four　phases　of　human　sexual　response　for　males　and　females　
8。　Show　an　understanding　of　the　concept　of　need　for　achievement　and　discuss　how　it　relates　
to　motivation　
9。　Describe　the　concept　of　locus　of　control　and　its　relationship　to　motivation　
10。　Explain　Maslow’s　hierarchy　of　needs　
CHAPTER　OUTLINE　

I。　Understanding　Motivation　
A。　Motivation　is　the　general　term　for　all　the　processes　involved　in　starting；　directing；　and　
maintaining　physical　and　psychological　activities　
B。　Functions　of　Motivational　Concepts　
1。　To　relate　biology　to　behavior　
2。　To　account　for　behavioral　variability　
3。　To　infer　private　states　from　public　acts　
4。　To　assign　responsibility　for　actions　
5。　To　explain　perseverance　despite　adversity　
C。　Sources　of　Motivation　
1。　Drives　and　Incen