prevented from collecting more。 And straight parts are to be
bandaged in a straight direction； and oblique obliquely； in such a
position as to create no pain； and so that there may be no
constriction nor falling off on a change of position； either for the
purpose of taking hold of anything； or laying the limb； and that
muscles； veins； nerves； and bones may be properly placed and
adjusted to one another。 It should be raised or laid in a natural
position； so as not to occasion pain。 In those cases in which an
abscess is formed； we must act in a contrary way。 When our object is
to bring together parts which have become expanded； in other
respects we must proceed on the same plain； and we must commence the
bringing together from some considerable distance； and after their
approach； we must apply compression； at first slight； and afterwards
stronger； the limit of it being the actual contact of the parts。 In
order to separate parts which are drawn together； when attended with
inflammation； we must proceed on the opposite plan； but when without
inflammation； we must use the same preparations； but bandage in the
opposite direction。 In order to rectify distorted parts； we must
proceed otherwise on the same principles； but the parts which are
separated must be brought together by an underbandage； by
agglutinants； and by suspending it （the limb？） in its natural
position。 And when the deformities are the contrary； this is to be
done on the contrary plan。
12。 In fractures we must attend to the length； breadth； thickness；
and number of the compresses。 The length should be that of the
bandaging； the breadth； three or four fingers； thickness； three or
fourfold； number so as to encircle the limb； neither more nor less；
those applied for the purpose of rectifying a deformity； should be
of such a length as to encircle it； the breadth and thickness being
determined by the vacuity； which is not to be filled up at once。 The
upper bandages are two； the first of which is to be carried from the
seat of the injury upwards； and the second from the seat of the injury
downwards； and from below upwards； the parts about the seat of the
injury being most compressed； the extremities least； and the rest in
proportion。 The upper bandages should take in a considerable portion
of the sound parts。 We must attend to the number； length； and
breadth of the bandages； the number must be such as not to be inferior
to what the injury requires； nor occasion compression with the
splints； nor prove cumbersome； nor occasion any slipping of them；
nor render them inefficient。 As to length and breadth； they should
be three； four； five； or six cubits in length； and as many fingers
broad。 The folds of the strings （selvages？） should be such as not to
occasion pressure； they are to be soft and not thick； and all these
things are to be proportionate to the length； breadth； and thickness
of the part affected。 The splints are to be smooth； even； and
rounded at the extremities； somewhat less all along than the upper
bandaging； and thickest at the part to which fracture inclines。
Those parts where there are tuberosities； and which are devoid of
flesh； such as the ankles or fingers； we must guard from the splints
which are placed over them； either by position； or by their shortness。
They are to be secured by the strings in such a manner as not to
occasion pressure at first。 A soft； consistent； and clean cerate
should be rubbed into the folds of the bandage。
13。 As to the temperature and quantity of the water used； its heat
should be just such as the hand can bear； and it ought to be known
that a large quantity is best for producing relaxation and
attenuation； whereas a moderate quantity is best for incarnating and
softening。 The limit to the affusion is； to stop when the parts become
swelled up； and before the swelling subsides； for the parts swell up
at first； and fall afterward。
14。 The object on which to （the limb？） is laid should be soft；
smooth； and sloping upwards toward the protuberant parts of the
body； such as the heel or hips； so that there may be no projection；
nor bending inwards； nor turning aside。 The canal （spout or gutter？）
should rather comprehend the whole limb than the half of it； attention
being paid to the injury and to whatever else appears to create
inconvenience。
15。 The presentation of the injured part to the physician； the
extension； the arrangement； and so forth； are to be regulated
according to nature。 What is nature in these operations is to be
determined by the accomplishment of the object which we have in
view； and for this purpose we must look to the part in the state of
rest； in its middle state； and to habit； in regard to the state of
rest and relaxation； as in the arm； that it be in a line with the
hand； and with regard to the medium between flexion and extension；
that the forearm be at right angles to the arm； and with regard to
habit； it should be considered that some limbs bear certain
positions preferably； as； for example； the thighs extension； for in
such attitudes the parts can best bear to be placed for a considerable
time without a change of posture。 And in the change from the state
of distention； the muscles； veins； nerves； and bones； when properly
arranged and secured； will preserve their relations to one another
while the limb is raised or placed。
16。 The extension should be most powerful when the largest and
thickest bones； or when both are broken； next when the under…bone； and
least of all； when the upper。 When immoderate； it is injurious； except
in the case of children。 The limb should be a little elevated。 The
model by which we judge if the part be properly set is the sound
part of the same name； or the part which is its pair。
17。 Friction can relax； brace； incarnate； attenuate： hard braces；
soft relaxes； much attenuates； and moderate thickens。
18。 The following should be the state of matters on the first
application of the bandage。 The person to whom it has been applied
should say that he feels the compression particularly at the seat of
the injury； but very little at the extremities； the parts should be
adjusted but not pressed together； and that rather by the number of
the bandages than by the force of the constriction； and the
tightness should rather be on the increase during the first day and
night； but on the next it should be less； and on the third the
bandages should be loose。 On the next day a soft swelling should be
observed in the extremities； and on the third day； when the
bandaging is loosed； the swelling should be found diminished in
size； and this should be the case every time the bandages are removed。
At the second application of the bandage； it should be ascertained
whether the dressing has been properly done； and then greater
compression should be made； and with more bandages； and on the
third； still greater； and still more。 On the seventh day from the
first dressing； when the bandages are loosed； the limb should be found
slender and the bones mobile。 We must then have recourse to the
splints； provided the limb be free of swelling； pruritus； and
ulceration； and allow them to remain until twenty days after the
accident； but if any suspicions arise； the bandages must be loosed
in the interval。 The splints should be tightened every third day。
19。 The suspending of a fractured limb in a sling； the disposition
of it； and the bandaging； all have for their object to preserve it
in position。 The principal considerations with regard to the
position are the habits and the peculiar nature of each of the
limbs： the varieties are shown in running； walking； standing； lying；
action； repose。
20。 It should be kept in mind that exercise strengthens； and
inactivity wastes。
21。 Compression should be produced by the number of bandages； rather
than by the force of the constriction。
22。 In cases of ecchymosis； contusions； sprains； or swellings not
attended with inflammations； blood is to be expelled from the wound；
in greatest quantity to the upper part； and in smallest to the
inferior； neither the arm nor the leg should be placed in a
declining position： the head of the bandage should be placed on the
wound； and there the greatest pressure should be made； the least at
the extremities； and intermediately in the middle； the last fold of
the bandage should be at the upper part of the body。 As to binding and
compression； these objects are to be attained rather by the number
of the bandages than the force of the constriction； and moreover； in
these cases the bandages should be thin； light； soft； clean； broad；
sound； so that they may effect their purpose； even without splints。
And we must use affusions。
23。 Dislocations； sprains； diastases of bones； violent separation；
abruption of the extremities of bones； and distrainings； so as to
induce varus or valgus； in these cases we must apply the bandages so
as not to compress the part whence the displacement took place； and
that we may render them tight at the side to which the displacement
was； and give the limb an inclination in the opposite direction； and
that in an excessive degree。 We employ bandages； compresses；
suspension of the limb in a sling； attitude； extension； friction；
rectification； and along with these the affusion of much water。
24。 In treating parts which are atrophied； we must comprehend a
considerable part of the sound limb with the bandage； so that by the
influx thereby produced； the wasted part may acquire a supply
greater than its loss； and may be thus disposed to growth and
restoration of its fleshy parts。 It is better also to bandage the
parts above； as the thigh in the case of the leg； and also the thigh
and leg of the opposite side； so that they may be placed in similar
circumstances； and may both equally be deprived of motion； and that
the supply of nourishment may be alike curtailed and open to both。 The
compression should be the effect rather of the number of the
bandages than of their tightness。 We relax first the part most
requiring it； and have recourse to