the ancien regime- 第4部分

never　entered　into　the　mind　of　Celt　or　Gaul；　Hun　or　Sclav；　one　which

seems　continuous　with　the　spread　of　the　Teutonic　conquerors。　　They

ruled　because　they　did　practically　raise　the　ideal　of　humanity　in

the　countries　which　they　conquered；　a　whole　stage　higher。　　They

ceased　to　rule　when　they　were；　through　their　own　sins；　caught　up　and

surpassed　in　the　race　of　progress　by　the　classes　below　them。



But；　even　when　at　its　best；　their　system　of　government　had　in　it

like　all　human　inventionoriginal　sin；　an　unnatural　and　unrighteous

element；　which　was　certain；　sooner　or　later；　to　produce　decay　and

ruin。　　The　old　Nobility　of　Europe　was　not　a　mere　aristocracy。　　It

was　a　caste：　　a　race　not　intermarrying　with　the　races　below　it。　　It

was　not　a　mere　aristocracy。　　For　that；　for　the　supremacy　of　the　best

men；　all　societies　strive；　or　profess　to　strive。　　And　such　a　true

aristocracy　may　exist　independent　of　caste；　or　the　hereditary

principle　at　all。　　We　may　conceive　an　Utopia；　governed　by　an

aristocracy　which　should　be　really　democratic；　which　should　use；

under　developed　forms；　that　method　which　made　the　mediaeval

priesthood　the　one　great　democratic　institution　of　old　Christendom；

bringing　to　the　surface　and　utilising　the　talents　and　virtues　of　all

classes；　even　to　the　lowest。　　We　may　conceive　an　aristocracy

choosing　out；　and　gladly　receiving　into　its　own　ranks　as　equals；

every　youth；　every　maiden；　who　was　distinguished　by　intellect；

virtue；　valour；　beauty；　without　respect　to　rank　or　birth；　and

rejecting　in　turn；　from　its　own　ranks；　each　of　its　own　children　who

fell　below　some　lofty　standard；　and　showed　by　weakliness；　dulness；

or　baseness；　incapacity　for　the　post　of　guiding　and　elevating　their

fellow…citizens。　　Thus　would　arise　a　true　aristocracy；　a　governing

body　of　the　really　most　worthythe　most　highly　organised　in　body

and　in　mindperpetually　recruited　from　below：　　from　which；　or　from

any　other　ideal；　we　are　yet　a　few　thousand　years　distant。



But　the　old　Ancien　Regime　would　have　shuddered；　did　shudder；　at　such

a　notion。　　The　supreme　class　was　to　keep　itself　pure；　and　avoid　all

taint　of　darker　blood；　shutting　its　eyes　to　the　fact　that　some　of

its　most　famous　heroes　had　been　born　of　such　left…handed　marriages

as　that　of　Robert　of　Normandy　with　the　tanner's　daughter　of　Falaise。

〃Some　are　so　curious　in　this　behalf；〃　says　quaint　old　Burton；

writing　about　1650；　〃as　these　old　Romans；　our　modern　Venetians；

Dutch；　and　French；　that　if　two　parties　dearly　love；　the　one　noble；

the　other　ignoble；　they　may　not；　by　their　laws；　match；　though　equal

otherwise　in　years；　fortunes；　education；　and　all　good　affection。　　In

Germany；　except　they　can　prove　their　gentility　by　three　descents；

they　scorn　to　match　with　them。　　A　nobleman　must　marry　a　noblewoman；

a　baron；　a　baron's　daughter；　a　knight；　a　knight's。　　As　slaters　sort

their　slates；　do　they　degrees　and　families。〃



And　doubtless　this　theorylike　all　which　have　held　their　ground　for

many　centuriesat　first　represented　a　fact。　　These　castes　were；　at

first；　actually　superior　to　the　peoples　over　whom　they　ruled。　　I

cannot；　as　long　as　my　eyes　are　open；　yield　to　the　modern　theory　of

the　equalityindeed　of　the　non…existenceof　races。　　Holding；　as　I

do；　the　primaeval　unity　of　the　human　race；　I　see　in　that　race　the

same　inclination　to　sport　into　fresh　varieties；　the　same　competition

of　species　between　those　varieties；　which　Mr。　Darwin　has　pointed　out

among　plants　and　mere　animals。　　A　distinguished　man　arises；　from　him

a　distinguished　family；　from　it　a　distinguished　tribe；　stronger；

cunninger　than　those　around。　　It　asserts　its　supremacy　over　its

neighbours　at　first　exactly　as　a　plant　or　animal　would　do；　by

destroying；　and；　where　possible；　eating　them；　next；　having　grown

more　prudent；　by　enslaving　them；　next；　having　gained　a　little

morality　in　addition　to　its　prudence；　by　civilising　them；　raising

them　more　or　less　toward　its　own　standard。　　And　thus；　in　every　land；

civilisation　and　national　life　has　arisen　out　of　the　patriarchal

state；　and　the　Eastern　scheik；　with　his　wives；　free　and　slave；　and

his　hundreds　of　fighting　men　born　in　his　house；　is　the　type　of　all

primaeval　rulers。　　He　is　the　best　man　of　his　hordein　every　sense

of　the　word　best；　and　whether　he　have　a　right　to　rule　them　or　not；

they　consider　that　he　has；　and　are　the　better　men　for　his　guidance。



Whether　this　ought　to　have　been　the　history　of　primaeval

civilisation；　is　a　question　not　to　be　determined　here。　　That　it　is

the　history　thereof；　is　surely　patent　to　anyone　who　will　imagine　to

himself　what　must　have　been。　　In　the　first　place；　the　strongest　and

cunningest　savage　must　have　had　the　chance　of　producing　children

more　strong　and　cunning　than　the　average；　he　would　havethe

strongest　savage　has　stillthe　power　of　obtaining　a　wife；　or　wives；

superior　in　beauty　and　in　household　skill；　which　involves

superiority　of　intellect；　and　therefore　his　children　wouldsome　of

them　at　leastbe　superior　to　the　average；　both　from　the　father's

and　the　mother's　capacities。　　They　again　would　marry　select　wives；

and　their　children　again　would　do　the　same；　till；　in　a　very　few

generations；　a　family　would　have　established　itself；　considerably

superior　to　the　rest　of　the　tribe　in　body　and　mind；　and　become

assuredly　its　ruling　race。



Again；　if　one　of　that　race　invented　a　new　weapon；　a　new　mode　of

tillage；　or　aught　else　which　gave　him　power；　that　would　add　to　the

superiority　of　his　whole　family。　　For　the　invention　would　be

jealously　kept　among　them　as　a　mystery；　a　hereditary　secret。　　To

this　simple　cause；　surely；　is　to　be　referred　the　system　of

hereditary　caste　occupations；　whether　in　Egypt　or　Hindoostan。　　To

this；　too；　the　fact　that　alike　in　Greek　and　in　Teutonic　legend　the

chief　so　often　appears；　not　merely　as　the　best　warrior　and　best

minstrel；　but　as　the　best　smith；　armourer；　and　handicraftsman　of　his

tribe。　　If；　however；　the　inventor　happened　to　be　a　low…born　genius；

its　advantages　would　still　accrue　to　the　ruling　race。　　For　nothing

could　be　more　natural　or　more　easyas　more　than　one　legend

intimatesthan　that　the　king　should　extort　the　new　secret　from　his

subject；　and　then　put　him　to　death　to　prevent　any　further　publicity。



Two　great　inventive　geniuses　we　may　see　dimly　through　the　abysses　of

the　past；　both　of　whom　must　have　become　in　their　time　great　chiefs；

founders　of　mighty　aristocraciesit　may　be；　worshipped　after　their

death　as　gods。



The　first；　who　seems　to　have　existed　after　the　age　in　which　the

black　race　colonised　Australia；　must　have　been　surely　a　man　worthy

to　hold　rank　with　our　Brindleys；　Watts；　and　Stephensons。　　For　he

invented　（and　mind；　one　man　must　have　invented　the　thing　first；　and

by　the　very　nature　of　it；　invented　it　all　at　once）　an　instrument　so

singular；　unexpected；　unlike　anything　to　be　seen　in　nature；　that　I

wonder　it　has　not　been　called；　like　the　plough；　the　olive；　or　the

vine；　a　gift　of　the　immortal　gods：　　and　yet　an　instrument　so　simple；

so　easy；　and　so　perfect；　that　it　spread　over　all　races　in　Europe　and

America；　and　no　substitute　could　be　found　for　it　till　the　latter

part　of　the　fifteenth　century。　　Yes；　a　great　genius　was　he；　and　the

consequent　founder　of　a　great　aristocracy　and　conquering　race；　who

first　invented　for　himself　and　his　children　after　him　abow　and

arrow。



The　nextwhether　before　or　after　the　first　in　time；　it　suits　me　to

speak　of　him　in　second　placewas　the　man　who　was　the　potential

ancestor　of　the　whole　Ritterschaft；　Chivalry；　and　knightly　caste　of

Europe；　the　man　who　first；　finding　a　foal　upon　the　steppe；　deserted

by　its　dam；　brought　it　home；　and　reared　it；　and　then　bethought　him

of　the　happy　notion　of　making　it　drawpresumably　by　its　taila

fashion　which　endured　long　in　Ireland；　and　had　to　be　forbidden　by

law；　I　think　as　late　as　the　sixteenth　century。　　A　great　aristocrat

must　that　man　have　become。　　A　greater　still　he　who　first　substituted

the　bit　for　the　halter。　　A　greater　still　he　who　first　thought　of

wheels。　　A　greater　still　he　who　conceived　the　yoke　and　pole　for

bearing　up　his　chariot；　for　that　same　yoke；　and　pole；　and　chariot；

became　the　peculiar　instrument　of　conquerors　like　him　who　mightily

oppressed　the　children　of　Israel；　for　he　had　nine　hundred　chariots

of　iron。　　Egyptians；　Syrians；　Assyrians；　Greeks；　Romansnone　of

them　improved　on　the　form　of　the　conquering　biga；　till　it　was　given

up　by　a　race　who　preferred　a　pair　of　shafts　to　their　carts；　and　who

had　learnt　to　ride　instead　of　drive。　　A　great　aristocrat；　again；

must　he　have　been　among　those　latter　races　who　first　conceived　the

notion　of　getting　on　his　horse's　back；　accommodating　his　motions　to

the　beast's；　and　becoming　a　centaur；　half…man；　half…horse。　　That

invention　must　have　tended；　in　the　first　instance；　as　surely　toward

democracy　as　did　the　invention　of　firearms。　　A　tribe　of　riders　must

have　been　always；　more　or　less；　equal　and　free。　　Equal　because　a　man

on　a　horse　would　feel　himself　a　man　indeed；　because　the　art　of

riding　called　out　an　independence；　a　self…help；　a　skill；　a

consciousness　of　power；　a　personal　pride　and　vanity；　which　would

defy　slavery。　　Free；　because　a　tribe　of　riders　might　be　defeated；

exterminated；　but　never　enchained。　　They　could　never　become　gleboe

adscripti；　bound　to　the　soil；　as　long　as　they　could　take　horse　and

saddle；　and　away。　　History　gives　us　more　than　one　glimpse　of　such

tribesthe　scourge　and　terror　of　the　non…riding　races　with　whom

they　came　in　contact。　　Some；　doubtless；　remember　how　in　the　wars

between　Alfred　and　the　Danes；　〃the　army〃　（the　Scandinavian　invaders）

again　and　again　horse　themselves；　steal　away　by　night　from　the　Saxon

infantry；　and　ride　over　the　land　（whether　in　England　or　in　France）；

〃doing　unspeakable　evil。〃　　To　that　special　instinct　of　horsemanship；

which　still　distinguishes　their　descendants；　we　may　attribute　mainly

the　Scandinavian　settlement　of　the　north　and　east　of　England。　　Some；

too；　may