which the harbor gave of becoming the finest in America。 Not a few travelers in this early period gave expression to their belief in the future greatness of New York City。 These prophecies； taken in connection with the investment of eight millions of dollars which New Yorkers made in toll…roads in the first seven years of this new century； incline one to believe that the influence of the Erie Canal as a factor in the development of the city may have been unduly emphasized； great though it was。
》From New York Baily returned to Baltimore and went on to Washington。 The records of all travelers to the site of the new national capital give much the same picture of the countryside。 It was a land worn out by tobacco culture and variously described as 〃dried up；〃 〃run down；〃 and 〃hung out to dry。〃 Even George Washington； at Mount Vernon； was giving up tobacco culture and was attempting new crops by a system of rotation。 Cotton was being grown in Maryland； but little care was given to its culture and manufacture。 Tobacco was graded in Virginia in accordance with the rigidity of its inspection at Hanover Court House； Pittsburgh； Richmond； and Cabin…Point： leaf worth sixteen shillings at Richmond was worth twenty…one at Hanover Court House； if it was refused at all places； it was smuggled to the West Indies or consumed in the country。 Meadows were rapidly taking the place of tobacco…fields； for the planters preferred to clear new land rather than to enrich the old。
At Washington Baily found that lots to the value of 278；000 had been sold； although only one…half of the proposed city had been 〃cleared。〃 It was to be forty years ere travelers could speak respectfully of what is now the beautiful city of Washington。 In these earlier days； the streets were mudholes divided by vacant fields and 〃beautified by trees； swamps； and cows。〃
Departing for the West by way of Frederick； Baily； like all travelers； was intensely interested upon entering the rich limestone region which stretched from Pennsylvania far down into Virginia。 It was occupied in part by the Pennsylvania Dutch and was so famous for its rich milk that it was called by many travelers the 〃Bonnyclabber Country。〃 Most Englishmen were delighted with this region because they found here the good old English breed of horses； that is； the English hunter developed into a stout coach…horse。 Of native breeds； Baily found animals of all degrees of strength and size down to hackneys of fourteen hands； as well as the 〃vile dog…horses；〃 or packhorses； whose faithful service to the frontier could in no wise be appreciated by a foreigner。
This region of Pennsylvania was as noted for its wagons as for its horses。 It was this wheat…bearing belt that made the common freight…wagon in its colors of red and blue a national institution。 It was in this region of rich； well…watered land that the maple tree gained its reputation。 Men even prophesied that its delightful sap would prove a cure for slavery； for； if one family could make fifteen hundred pounds of maple sugar in a season； eighty thousand families could； at the same rate； equal the output of cane sugar each year from Santo Domingo！
The traveler at the beginning of the century noticed a change in the temper of the people as well as a change in the soil when the Bonnyclabber Country was reached。 The time…serving attitude of the good people of the East now gave place to a 〃consciousness of independence〃 due； Baily remarks； to the fact that each man was self…sufficient and passed his life 〃without regard to the smiles and frowns of men in power。〃 This spirit was handsomely illustrated in the case of one burly Westerner who was 〃churched〃 for fighting。 Showing a surly attitude to the deacon…judges who sat on his case； he was threatened with civil prosecution and imprisonment。 〃I don't want freedom；〃 he is said to have replied； bitterly； 〃I don't even want to live if I can't knock down a man who calls me a liar。〃
Pushing on westward by way of historic Sideling Hill and Bedford to Statlers； Baily found here a prosperous millstone quarry； which sold its stones at from fifteen to thirty dollars a pair。 Twelve years earlier Washington had prophesied that the Alleghanies would soon be furnishing millstones equal to the best English burr。 As he crossed the mountains Baily found that taverns charged the following schedule： breakfast； eighteen pence； dinner and supper from two shillings to two shillings and sixpence each。 Traversing Laurel Hill； he reached Pittsburgh just at the time when it was awakening to activity as the trading center of the West。
In order to descend the Ohio； Baily obtained a flatboat； thirty…six feet long and twelve feet broad； which drew eighteen inches of water and was of ten tons burden。 On the way downstream； Charleston and Wheeling were the principal settlements which Baily first noted。 Ebenezer Zane； the founder of Wheeling； had just opened across Ohio the famous landward route from the Monongahela country to Kentucky； which it entered at Limestone； the present Maysville。 This famous road； passing through Zanesville； Lancaster； and Chillicothe； though at that time safe only for men in parties； was a common route to and from Kentucky。
On such inland pathways as this； early travelers came to take for granted a hospitality not to be found on more frequented thoroughfares。 In this hospitality； roughness and good will； cleanliness and filth； attempts to ape the style of Eastern towns and habits of the most primitive kind； were singularly blended。 In one instance； the traveler might be cordially assigned by the landlord to a good position in 〃the first rush for a chance at the head of the table〃； at the next stopping place he might be coldly turned away because the proprietor 〃had the gout〃 and his wife the 〃delicate blue…devils〃； farther on； where 〃soap was unknown； nothing clean but birds； nothing industrious but pigs； and nothing happy but squirrels；〃 Daniel Boone's daughter might be seen in high…heeled shoes； attended by white servants whose wages were a dollar a week； skirting muddy roads under a ten…dollar bonnet and a six…dollar parasol。 Or； he might emerge from a lonely forest in Ohio or Indiana and come suddenly upon a party of neighbors at a dreary tavern； enjoying a corn shucking or a harvest home。 Immediately dubbed 〃Doctor；〃 〃Squire；〃 or 〃Colonel〃 by the hospitable merrymakers； the passer…by would be informed that he 〃should drink and lack no good thing。〃 After he had retired； as likely as not his quarters would be invaded at one or two o'clock in the morning by the uproarious company； and the best refreshment of the house would be forced upon him with a hilarity 〃created by omnipotent whiskey。〃 Sometimes； however； the traveler would encounter pitiful instances of loneliness in the widespreading forests。 One man in passing a certain isolated cabin was implored by the woman who inhabited it to rest awhile and talk； since she was； she confessed； completely overwhelmed by 〃the lone！〃
Every traveler has remarked upon the yellow pallor of the first inhabitants of the western forests and doubtless correctly attributed this sickly appearance to the effects of malaria and miasma。 The psychic influences of the forest wilderness also weighed heavily upon the spirits of the settlers； although； as Baily notes； it was the newcomers who felt the depression to an exaggerated degree。 As he says：
〃It is a feeling of confinement； which begins to damp the spirits； from this complete exclusion of distant objects。 To travel day after day； among trees of a hundred feet high； is oppressive to a degree which those cannot conceive who have not experienced it； and it must depress the spirits of the solitary settler to pass years in this state。 His visible horizon extends no farther than the tops of the trees which bound his plantation… …perhaps five hundred yards。 Upwards he sees the sun； and sky； and stars； but around him an eternal forest； from which he can never hope to emerge：…not so in a thickly settled district； he cannot there enjoy any freedom of prospect； yet there is variety； and some scope for the imprisoned vision。 In a hilly country a little more range of view may occasionally be obtained； and a river is a stream of light as well as of water； which feasts the eye with a delight inconceivable to the inhabitants of open countries。〃
In direct contradiction to this longing for society was the passion which the first generation of pioneers had for the wilderness。 When the population of one settlement became too thick； they were seized by an irresistible impulse to 〃follow the migration；〃 as the expression went。 The easy independence of the first hunter…agriculturalist was upset by the advance of immigration。 His range was curtailed； his freedom limited。 His very breath seems to have become difficult。 So he sold out at a phenomenal profit； put out his fire； shouldered his gun； called his dog； and set off again in search of the solitude he craved。
Severe winter weather overtook Baily as he descended the Ohio River； until below Grave Creek floating ice wrecked his boat and drove him ashore。 Here in the primeval forest； far from 〃Merrie England；〃 Baily spent the Christmas of 1796 in building a new flatboat。 This task completed； he resumed his journey。 Passing Marietta； where the bad condition of the winter roads prevented a visit to a famous Indian mound； he reached Limestone。 In due time he sighted Columbia； the metropolis of the Miami country。 According to Baily； the sale of European goods in this part of the Ohio Valley netted the importers a hundred per cent。 Prices varied with the ease of navigation。 When ice blocked the Ohio the price of flour went up until it was eight dollars a barrel； whiskey was a dollar a gallon； potatoes； a dollar a bushel； and bacon； twelve cents a pound。 At these prices； the total produce which went by Fort Massac in the early months of 1800 would have been worth on the Ohio River upwards of two hundred thousand dollars！ In the preceding summer Baily quoted flour at Norfolk as selling at sixty…three shillings a barrel of 196 pounds； or double the price it was bringing on the ice…gorged Ohio。 It is by such comparisons that we get some inkling of the value of western produce and of the rates in we