beacon lights of history-iii-2- 第13部分

he　was　still　a　visionary　and　a　needy　adventurer；　and　they　quoted；

in　refutation　of　his　theory；　those　Scripture　texts　which　were

hurled　in　greater　wrath　against　Galileo　when　he　announced　his

brilliant　discoveries。　　There　are；　from　some　unfathomed　reason；

always　texts　found　in　the　sacred　writings　which　seem　to　conflict

with　both　science　and　a　profound　theology；　and　the　pedants；　as　well

as　the　hypocrites　and　usurpers；　have　always　shielded　themselves

behind　these　in　their　opposition　to　new　opinions。　　I　will　not　be

hard　upon　them；　for　often　they　are　good　men；　simply　unable　to　throw

off　the　shackles　of　ages　of　ignorance　and　tyranny。　　People　should

not　be　subjected　to　lasting　reproach　because　they　cannot　emancipate

themselves　from　prevailing　ideas。　　If　those　prejudiced　courtiers

and　scholastics　who　ridiculed　Columbus　could　only　have　seen　with

his　clearer　insight；　they　might　have　loaded　him　with　favors。　　But

they　were　blinded　and　selfish　and　envious。　　Nor　was　it　until

Columbus　convinced　his　sovereigns　that　the　risk　was　small　for　so

great　a　promised　gain；　that　he　was　finally　commissioned　to

undertake　his　voyage。　　The　promised　boon　was　the　riches　of　Oriental

countries；　boundless　and　magnificent；countries　not　to　be

discovered；　but　already　known；　only　hard　and　perhaps　impossible　to

reach。　　And　Columbus　himself　was　so　firmly　persuaded　of　the

existence　of　these　riches；　and　of　his　ability　to　secure　them；　and

they　were　so　exaggerated　by　his　imagination；　that　his　own　demands

were　extravagant　and　preposterous；　as　must　have　seemed　to　an

incredulous　court；that　he；　a　stranger；　an　adventurer；　almost　a

beggar　even；　should　in　case　of　success　be　made　viceroy　and　admiral

over　the　unexplored　realm；　and　with　a　tenth　of　all　the　riches　he

should　collect　or　seize；　and　that　these　high　officesalmost　regal

should　also　be　continued　not　only　through　his　own　life；　but

through　the　lives　of　his　heirs　from　generation　to　generation；　thus

raising　him　to　a　possible　rank　higher　than　that　of　any　of　the　dukes

and　grandees　of　Spain。



Ferdinand　and　Isabella；　however；　readily　promised　all　that　the

persistent　and　enthusiastic　adventurer　demanded；　doubtless　with　the

feeling　that　there　was　not　more　than　one　chance　in　a　hundred　that

he　would　ever　be　heard　from　again；　but　that　this　one　chance　was

well　worth　all　and　more　than　they　expended；a　possibility　of

indefinite　aggrandizement。　　To　the　eyes　of　Ferdinand　there　was　a

prospectremote；　indeedof　adding　to　the　power　of　the　Spanish

monarchy；　and　it　is　probable　that　the　pious　Isabella　contemplated

also　the　conversion　of　the　heathen　to　Christianity。　　It　is　possible

that　some　motives　may　have　also　influenced　Columbus　kindred　to

this；a　renewed　crusade　against　Saracen　infidels；　which　he　might

undertake　from　the　wealth　he　was　so　confident　of　securing。　　But　the

probabilities　are　that　Columbus　was　urged　on　to　his　career　by

ambitious　and　worldly　motives　also；　or　else　he　would　not　have　been

so　greedy　to　secure　honors　and　wealth；　nor　would　have　been　so

jealous　of　his　dignity　when　he　had　attained　power。　　To　me　Columbus

was　no　more　a　saint　than　Sir　Francis　Drake　was　when　he　so

unscrupulously　robbed　every　ship　he　could　lay　his　hands　upon；

although　both　of　them　observed　the　outward　forms　of　religious

worship　peculiar　to　their　respective　creeds　and　education。　　There

were　no　unbelievers　in　that　age。　　Both　Catholics　and　Protestants；

like　the　ancient　Pharisees；　were　scrupulous　in　what　were　supposed

to　be　religious　duties；though　these　too　often　were　divorced　from

morality。　　It　is　Columbus　only　as　an　intrepid；　enthusiastic；

enlightened　navigator；　in　pursuit　of　a　new　world　of　boundless

wealth；　that　I　can　see　him；　and　it　was　for　his　ultimate　success　in

discovering　this　world；　amid　so　many　difficulties；　that　he　is　to　be

regarded　as　a　great　benefactor；　of　the　glory　of　which　no　ingenuity

or　malice　can　rob　him。



At　last　he　sets　sail；　August　3；　1492；　and；　singularly　enough；　from

Palos；　within　sight　of　the　little　convent　where　he　had　received　his

first　encouragement。　　He　embarked　in　three　small　vessels；　the

largest　of　which　was　less　thou　one　hundred　tons；　and　two　without

decks；　but　having　high　poops　and　sterns　inclosed。　　What　an

insignificant　flotilla　for　such　a　voyage！　　But　it　would　seem　that

the　Admiral；　with　great　sagacity；　deemed　small　vessels　best　adapted

to　his　purpose；　in　order　to　enter　safely　shallow　harbors　and　sail

near　the　coast。



He　sails　in　the　most　propitious　season　of　the　year；　and　is　aided　by

steady　trade…winds　which　waft　his　ships　gently　through　the　unknown

ocean。　　He　meets　with　no　obstacles　of　any　account。　　The　skies　are

serene；　the　sea　is　as　smooth　as　the　waters　of　an　inland　lake；　and

he　is　comforted；　as　he　advances　to　the　west；　by　the　appearance　of

strange　birds　and　weeds　and　plants　that　indicate　nearness　to　the

land。　　He　has　only　two　objects　of　solicitude；the　variations　of

the　magnetic　needle；　and　the　superstitious　fears　of　his　men；　the

last　he　succeeds　in　allaying　by　inventing　plausible　theories；　and

by　concealing　the　real　distance　he　has　traversed。　　He　encourages

them　by　inflaming　their　cupidity。　　He　is　nearly　baffled　by　their

mutinous　spirit。　　He　is　in　danger；　not　from　coral　reefs　and

whirlpools　and　sunken　rocks　and　tempests；　as　at　first　was　feared；

but　from　his　men　themselves；　who　clamor　to　return。　　It　is　his　faith

and　moral　courage　and　fertility　of　resources　which　we　most　admire。

Days　pass　in　alternate　hope　and　disappointment；　amid　angry　clamors；

in　great　anxiety；　for　no　land　appears　after　he　has　sailed　far

beyond　the　points　where　he　expected　to　find　it。　　The　world　is

larger　than　even　he　has　supposed。　　He　promises　great　rewards　to　the

one　who　shall　first　see　the　unknown　shores。　　It　is　said　that　he

himself　was　the　first　to　discover　land　by　observing　a　flickering

light；　which　is　exceedingly　improbable；　as　he　was　several　leagues

from　shore；　but　certain　it　is；　that　the　very　night　the　land　was

seen　from　the　Admiral's　vessel；　it　was　also　discovered　by　one　of

the　seamen　on　board　another　ship。　　The　problem　of　the　age　was　at

last　solved。　　A　new　continent　was　given　to　Ferdinand　and　Isabella。



On　the　12th　of　October　Columbus　landsnot；　however；　on　the

continent；　as　he　supposed；　but　on　an　islandin　great　pomp；　as

admiral　of　the　seas　and　viceroy　of　the　king；　in　a　purple　doublet；

and　with　a　drawn　sword　in　one　hand　and　the　standard　of　Spain　in　the

other；　followed　by　officers　in　appropriate　costume；　and　a　friar

bearing　the　emblem　of　our　redemption；　which　is　solemnly　planted　on

the　shore；　and　the　land　called　San　Salvador。　　This　little　island；

one　of　the　Bahamas；　is　not；　however；　gilded　with　the　anticipated

splendors　of　Oriental　countries。　　He　finds　neither　gold；　nor

jewels；　nor　silks；　nor　spices；　nor　any　signs　of　civilization；　only

naked　men　and　women；　without　any　indication　of　wealth　or　culture　or

power。　　But　he　finds　a　soft　and　genial　climate；　and　a　soil　of

unparalleled　fertility；　and　trees　and　shrubs　as　green　as　Andalusia

in　spring　and　birds　with　every　variety　of　plumage；　and　insects

glistening　with　every　color　of　the　rainbow；　while　the　natives　are

gentle　and　unsuspecting　and　full　of　worship。　　Columbus　is

disappointed；　but　not　discouraged。　　He　sets　sail　to　find　the　real

Cipango　of　which　he　is　in　search。　　He　cruises　among　the　Bahama

islands；　discovers　Cuba　and　Hispaniola　（now　called　Hayti）；　explores

their　coasts；　holds　peaceful　intercourse　with　the　natives；　and　is

transported　with　enthusiasm　in　view　of　the　beauty　of　the　country

and　its　great　capacities；　but　he　sees　no　gold；　only　a　few　ornaments

to　show　that　there　is　gold　somewhere　near；　if　it　only　could　be

found。　　Nor　has　he　reached　the　Cipango　of　his　dreams；　but　new

countries；　of　which　there　was　no　record　or　suspicion　of　existence；

yet　of　vast　extent；　and　fertile　beyond　knowledge。　　He　is　puzzled；

but　filled　with　intoxicating　joy。　　He　has　performed　a　great　feat。

He　has　doubtless　added　indefinitely　to　the　dominion　of　Spain。



Columbus　leaves　a　small　colony　on　the　island　of　Hispaniola；　and

with　the　trophies　of　his　discoveries　returns　to　Spain；　without

serious　obstacles；　except　a　short　detention　in　Portugal；　whither　he

was　driven　by　a　storm。　　His　stories　fill　the　whole　civilized　world

with　wonder。　　He　is　welcomed　with　the　most　cordial　and　enthusiastic

reception；　the　people　gaze　at　him　with　admiration。　　His　sovereigns

rise　at　his　approach；　and　seat　him　beside　themselves　on　their

gilded　and　canopied　throne；　he　has　made　them　a　present　worthy　of　a

god。　　What　honors　could　be　too　great　for　such　a　man！　　Even　envy

pales　before　the　universal　exhilaration。　　He　enters　into　the　most

august　circles　as　an　equal；　his　dignities　and　honors　are　confirmed；

he　is　loaded　with　presents　and　favors；　he　is　the　most　marked

personage　in　Europe；　he　is　almost　stifled　with　the　incense　of　royal

and　popular　idolatry。　　Never　was　a　subject　more　honored　and

caressed。　　The　imagination　of　a　chivalrous　and　lively　people　is

inflamed　with　the　wildest　expectations；　for　although　he　returned

with　but　little　of　the　expected　wealth；　he　has　pointed　out　a　land

rich　in　unfathomed　mines。



A　second　and　larger　expedition　is　soon　projected。　　Everybody　wishes

to　join　it。　　All　press　to　join　the　fortunate　admiral　who　has　added

a　continent　to　civilization。　　The　proudest　nobles；　with　the　armor

and　horses　of　chivalry；　embark　with　artisans　and　miners　for　another

voyage；　now　without　solicitude　or　fear；　but　with　unbounded　hopes　of

wealth；especially　hardy　adventurers　and　broken…down　families　of

rank　anxious　to　retrieve　their　fortunes。　　The　pendulum　of　a

nation's　thought　swings　from　the　extreme　of　doubt　and　cynicism　to

the　opposite　extreme　of　faith　and　exhilaration。　　Spain　was　ripe　for

the　harvest。　　Eight　hundred　years'　desperate　contest　with　the　Moors

had　made　the　nation　bold；　heroic；　adventurous。　　There　were　no　such

warriors　in　all　Europe。　　Nowhere　were　there　such　chivalric　virtues。

No　people　were　then　animate