beacon lights of history-iii-2- 第59部分

planets？〃



But　science；　discarded　by　the　schools；　fortunately　finds　a　refuge

among　princes。　　Cosimo　de'　Medici　prefers　the　testimony　of　his

senses　to　the　voice　of　authority。　　He　observes　the　new　satellites

with　Galileo　at　Pisa；　makes　him　a　present　of　one　thousand　florins；

and　gives　him　a　mere　nominal　office；that　of　lecturing

occasionally　to　princes；　on　a　salary　of　one　thousand　florins　for

life。　　He　is　now　the　chosen　companion　of　the　great；　and　the

admiration　of　Italy。　　He　has　rendered　an　immense　service　to

astronomy。　　〃His　discovery　of　the　satellites　of　Jupiter；〃　says

Herschel；　〃gave　the　holding　turn　to　the　opinion　of　mankind

respecting　the　Copernican　system；　and　pointed　out　a　connection

between　speculative　astronomy　and　practical　utility。〃



But　this　did　not　complete　the　catalogue　of　his　discoveries。　　In

1610　he　perceived　that　Saturn　appeared　to　be　triple；　and　excited

the　curiosity　of　astronomers　by　the　publication　of　his　first

〃Enigma；〃　Altissimam　planetam　tergeminam　observavi。　　He　could　not

then　perceive　the　rings；　the　planet　seemed　through　his　telescope　to

have　the　form　of　three　concentric　O's。　　Soon　after；　in　examining

Venus；　he　saw　her　in　the　form　of　a　crescent：　Cynthiae　figuras

aemulatur　mater　amorum；　〃Venus　rivals　the　phases　of　the　moon。〃



At　last　he　discovers　the　spots　upon　the　sun's　disk；　and　that　they

all　revolve　with　the　sun；　and　therefore　that　the　sun　has　a

revolution　in　about　twenty…eight　days；　and　may　be　moving　on　in　a

larger　circle；　with　all　its　attendant　planets；　around　some　distant

centre。



Galileo　has　now　attained　the　highest　object　of　his　ambition。　　He　is

at　the　head；　confessedly；　of　all　the　scientific　men　of　Europe。　　He

has　an　ample　revenue；　he　is　independent；　and　has　perfect　leisure。

Even　the　Pope　is　gracious　to　him　when　he　makes　a　visit　to　Rome；

while　cardinals；　princes；　and　ambassadors　rival　one　another　in

bestowing　upon　him　attention　and　honors。



But　there　is　no　height　of　fortune　from　which　a　man　may　not　fall；

and　it　is　usually　the　proud；　the　ostentatious；　and　the　contemptuous

who　do　fall；　since　they　create　envy；　and　are　apt　to　make　social

mistakes。　　Galileo　continued　to　exasperate　his　enemies　by　his

arrogance　and　sarcasms。　　〃They　refused　to　be　dragged　at　his

chariot…wheels。〃　　〃The　Aristotelian　professors；〃　says　Brewster；

〃the　temporizing　Jesuits；　the　political　churchmen；　and　that　timid

but　respectable　body　who　at　all　times　dread　innovation；　whether　it

be　in　legislation　or　science；　entered　into　an　alliance　against　the

philosophical　tyrant　who　threatened　them　with　the　penalties　of

knowledge。〃　　The　church　dignitaries　were　especially　hostile；　since

they　thought　the　tendency　of　Galileo's　investigations　was　to

undermine　the　Bible。　　Flanked　by　the　logic　of　the　schools　and　the

popular　interpretation　of　Scripture；　and　backed　by　the　civil　power；

they　were　eager　for　war。　　Galileo　wrote　a　letter　to　his　friend　the

Abbe　Castelli；　the　object　of　which　was　〃to　prove　that　the

Scriptures　were　not　intended　to　teach　science　and　philosophy；〃　but

to　point　out　the　way　of　salvation。　　He　was　indiscreet　enough　to

write　a　longer　letter　of　seventy　pages；　quoting　the　Fathers　in

support　of　his　views；　and　attempting　to　show　that　Nature　and

Scripture　could　not　speak　a　different　language。　　It　was　this

reasoning　which　irritated　the　dignitaries　of　the　Church　more　than

his　discoveries；　since　it　is　plain　that　the　literal　language　of

Scripture　upholds　the　doctrine　that　the　sun　revolves　around　the

earth。　　He　was　wrong　or　foolish　in　trying　to　harmonize　revelation

and　science。　　He　should　have　advanced　his　truths　of　science　and

left　them　to　take　care　of　themselves。　　He　should　not　have　meddled

with　the　dogmas　of　his　enemies：　not　that　he　was　wrong　in　doing　so；

but　it　was　not　politic　or　wise；　and　he　was　not　called　upon　to

harmonize　Scripture　with　science。



So　his　enemies　busily　employed　themselves　in　collecting　evidence

against　him。　　They　laid　their　complaints　before　the　Inquisition　of

Rome；　and　on　the　occasion　of　paying　a　visit　to　that　city；　he　was

summoned　before　that　tribunal　which　has　been　the　shame　and　the

reproach　of　the　Catholic　Church。　　It　was　a　tribunal　utterly

incompetent　to　sit　upon　his　case；　since　it　was　ignorant　of　science。

In　1615　it　was　decreed　that　Galileo　should　renounce　his　obnoxious

doctrines；　and　pledge　himself　neither　to　defend　nor　publish　them　in

future。　　And　Galileo　accordingly；　in　dread　of　prison；　appeared

before　Cardinal　Bellarmine　and　declared　that　he　would　renounce　the

doctrines　he　had　defended。　　This　cardinal　was　not　an　ignorant　man。

He　was　the　greatest　theologian　of　the　Catholic　Church；　but　his

bitterness　and　rancor　in　reference　to　the　new　doctrines　were　as

marked　as　his　scholastic　learning。　　The　Pope；　supposing　that

Galileo　would　adhere　to　his　promise；　was　gracious　and　kind。



But　the　philosopher　could　not　resist　the　temptation　of　ridiculing

the　advocates　of　the　old　system。　　He　called　them　〃paper

philosophers。〃　　In　private　he　made　a　mockery　of　his　persecutors。

One　Saisi　undertook　to　prove　from　Suidas　that　the　Babylonians　used

to　cook　eggs　by　whirling　them　swiftly　on　a　sling；　to　which　he

replied：　〃If　Saisi　insists　on　the　authority　of　Suidas；　that　the

Babylonians　cooked　eggs　by　whirling　them　on　a　sling；　I　will　believe

it。　　But　I　must　add　that　we　have　eggs　and　slings；　and　strong　men　to

whirl　them；　yet　they　will　not　become　cooked；　nay；　if　they　were　hot

at　first；　they　more　quickly　became　cool；　and　as　there　is　nothing

wanting　to　us　but　to　be　Babylonians；　it　follows　that　being

Babylonians　is　the　true　cause　why　the　eggs　became　hard。〃　　Such　was

his　prevailing　mockery　and　ridicule。　　〃Your　Eminence；〃　writes　one

of　his　friends　to　the　Cardinal　D'Este；　〃would　be　delighted　if　you

could　hear　him　hold　forth　in　the　midst　of　fifteen　or　twenty；　all

violently　attacking　him；　sometimes　in　one　house；　and　sometimes　in

another；　but　he　is　armed　after　such　a　fashion　that　he　laughs　them

all　to　scorn。〃



Galileo；　after　his　admonition　from　the　Inquisition；　and　his　promise

to　hold　his　tongue；　did　keep　comparatively　quiet　for　a　while；

amusing　himself　with　mechanics；　and　striving　to　find　out　a　new　way

of　discovering　longitude　at　sea。　　But　the　want　of　better　telescopes

baffled　his　efforts；　and　even　to…day　it　is　said　〃that　no　telescope

has　yet　been　made　which　is　capable　of　observing　at　sea　the　eclipses

of　Jupiter's　satellites；　by　which　on　shore　this　method　of　finding

longitude　has　many　advantages。〃



On　the　accession　of　a　new　Pope　（1623）；　Urban　VIII。；　who　had　been

his　friend　as　Cardinal　Barberini；　Galileo；　after　eight　years　of

silence；　thought　that　he　might　now　venture　to　publish　his　great

work　on　the　Ptolemaic　and　Copernican　systems；　especially　as　the

papal　censor　also　had　been　his　friend。　　But　the　publication　of　the

book　was　delayed　nearly　two　years；　so　great　were　the　obstacles　to

be　surmounted；　and　so　prejudiced　and　hostile　was　the　Church　to　the

new　views。　　At　last　it　appeared　in　Florence　in　1632；　with　a

dedication　to　the　Grand　Duke；not　the　Cosimo　who　had　rewarded　him；

but　his　son　Ferdinand；　who　was　a　mere　youth。　　It　was　an　unfortunate

thing　for　Galileo　to　do。　　He　had　pledged　his　word　not　to　advocate

the　Copernican　theory；　which　was　already　sufficiently　established

in　the　opinions　of　philosophers。　　The　form　of　the　book　was　even

offensive；　in　the　shape　of　dialogues；　where　some　of　the　chief

speakers　were　his　enemies。　　One　of　them　he　ridiculed　under　the　name

of　Simplicio。　　This　was　supposed　to　mean　the　Pope　himself；so　they

made　the　Pope　believe；　and　he　was　furious。　　Old　Cardinal　Bellarmine

roared　like　a　lion。　　The　whole　Church；　as　represented　by　its

dignitaries；　seemed　to　be　against　him。　　The　Pope　seized　the　old

weapons　of　the　Clements　and　the　Gregories　to　hurl　upon　the　daring

innovator；　but　delayed　to　hurl　them；　since　he　dealt　with　a　giant；

covered　not　only　by　the　shield　of　the　Medici；　but　that　of　Minerva。

So　he　convened　a　congregation　of　cardinals；　and　submitted　to　them

the　examination　of　the　detested　book。　　The　author　was　summoned　to

Rome　to　appear　before　the　Inquisition；　and　answer　at　its　judgment…

seat　the　charges　against　him　as　a　heretic。　　The　Tuscan　ambassador

expostulated　with　his　Holiness　against　such　a　cruel　thing；

considering　Galileo's　age；　infirmities；　and　fame；all　to　no　avail；

he　was　obliged　to　obey　the　summons。　　At　the　age　of　seventy　this

venerated　philosopher；　infirm；　in　precarious　health；　appeared

before　the　Inquisition　of　cardinals；　not　one　of　whom　had　any

familiarity　with　abstruse　speculations；　or　even　with　mathematics。



Whether　out　of　regard　to　his　age　and　infirmities；　or　to　his　great

fame　and　illustrious　position　as　the　greatest　philosopher　of　his

day；　the　cardinals　treat　Galileo　with　unusual　indulgence。　　Though　a

prisoner　of　the　Inquisition；　and　completely　in　its　hands；　with

power　of　life　and　death；　it　would　seem　that　he　is　allowed　every

personal　comfort。　　His　table　is　provided　by　the　Tuscan　ambassador；

a　servant　obeys　his　slightest　nod；　he　sleeps　in　the　luxurious

apartment　of　the　fiscal　of　that　dreaded　body；　he　is　even　liberated

on　the　responsibility　of　a　cardinal；　he　is　permitted　to　lodge　in

the　palace　of　the　ambassador；　he　is　allowed　time　to　make　his

defence：　those　holy　Inquisitors　would　not　unnecessarily　harm　a　hair

of　his　head。　　Nor　was　it　probably　their　object　to　inflict　bodily

torments：　these　would　call　out　sympathy　and　degrade　the　tribunal。

It　was　enough　to　threaten　these　torments；　to　which　they　did　not

wish　to　resort　except　in　case　of　necessity。　　There　is　no　evidence

that　Galileo　was　personally　tortured。　　He　was　indeed　a　martyr；　but

not　a　sufferer　except　in　humiliated　pride。　　Probably　the　object　of

his　enemies　was　to　silence　him；　to　degrade　him；　to　expose　his　name

to　infamy；　to　arrest　the　spread　of　his　doctrines；　to　bow　his　old

head　in　shame；　to　murder　his　soul；　to　make　him　stab　himself；　and　be

his　own　executioner；　by　an　act　which　all　posterity　should　reg