the life of thomas telford- 第39部分

on　the　eighth　day　after　leaving　Inverness。*＇4＇　　Very　few　persons

then　travelled　into　the　Highlands　on　foot；　though　Bewick；　the　father

of　wood…engraving；　made　such　a　journey　round　Loch　Lomond　in　1775。

He　relates　that　his　appearance　excited　the　greatest　interest　at　the

Highland　huts　in　which　he　lodged；　the　women　　curiously　examining

him　from　head　to　foot；　having　never　seen　an　　Englishman　before。

The　strange　part　of　his　story　is；　that　he　set　out　upon　his　journey

from　Cherryburn；　near　Newcastle；　with　only　three　　guineas　sewed　in

his　waistband；　and　when　he　reached　home　he　had　still　a　few

shillings　left　in　his　pocket！



In　1802；　Mr。　Telford　was　called　upon　by　the　Government　to　make　a

survey　of　Scotland；　and　report　as　to　the　measures　which　were

necessary　for　the　improvement　of　the　roads　and　bridges　of　that　part

of　the　kingdom；　and　also　on　the　means　of　promoting　the　fisheries　on

the　east　and　west　coasts；　with　the　object　of　better　opening　up　the

country　and　preventing　further　extensive　emigration。　　Previous　to

this　time　he　had　been　employed　by　the　British　Fisheries　Society

of　which　his　friend　Sir　William　Pulteney　was　Governorto　inspect

the　harbours　at　their　several　stations；　and　to　devise　a　plan　for

the　establishment　of　a　fishery　on　the　coast　of　Caithness。

He　accordingly　made　an　extensive　tour　of　Scotland；　examining；　among

other　harbours；　that　of　Annan；　from　which　he　proceeded　northward　by

Aberdeen　to　Wick　and　Thurso；　returning　to　Shrewsbury　by　Edinburgh

and　Dumfries。*＇5＇　　He　accumulated　a　large　mass　of　data　for　his

report；　which　was　sent　in　to　the　Fishery　Society；　with　charts　and

plans；　in　the　course　of　　the　following　year。



In　July；　1802；　he　was　requested　by　the　Lords　of　the　Treasury；　most

probably　in　consequence　of　the　preceding　report；　to　make　a　further

survey　of　the　interior　of　the　Highlands；　the　result　of　which　he

communicated　in　his　report　presented　to　Parliament　in　the　following

year。　　Although　full　of　important　local　business；　〃kept　running；〃

as　he　says；　〃from　town　to　country；　and　from　country　to　town；　never

when　awake；　and　perhaps　not　always　when　asleep；　have　my　Scotch

surveys　been　absent　from　my　mind。〃　　He　had　worked　very　hard　at　his

report；　and　hoped　that　it　might　be　productive　of　some　good。



The　report　was　duly　presented；　printed；*＇6＇　and　approved；　and　it

formed　the　starting…point　of　a　system　of　legislation　with　reference

to　the　Highlands　which　extended　over　many　years；　and　had　the　effect

of　completely　opening　up　that　romantic　but　rugged　district　of　country；

and　extending　to　its　inhabitants　the　advantages　of　improved

intercourse　with　the　other　parts　of　the　kingdom。　Mr。　Telford

pointed　out　that　the　military　roads　were　altogether　inadequate　to

the　requirements　of　the　population；　and　that　the　use　of　them　was　in

many　places　very　much　circumscribed　by　the　want　of　bridges　over

some　of　the　principal　rivers。　　For　instance；　the　route　from

Edinburgh　to　Inverness；　through　the　Central　Highlands；　was

seriously　interrupted　at　Dunkeld；　where　the　Tay　is　broad　and　deep；

and　not　always　easy　to　be　crossed　by　means　of　a　boat。　　The　route　to

the　same　place　by　the　east　coast　was　in　like　manner　broken　at

Fochabers；　where　the　rapid　Spey　could　only　be　crossed　by　a

dangerous　ferry。



The　difficulties　encountered　by　gentlemen　of　the　Bar；　in　travelling

the　north　circuit　about　this　time；　are　well　described　by　Lord

Cockburn　in　his　'Memorials。'　〃Those　who　are　born　to　modem

travelling；〃　he　says；　〃can　scarcely　be　made　to　understand　how　the

previous　age　got　on。　　The　state　of　the　roads　may　be　judged　of　from

two　or　three　facts。　　There　was　no　bridge　over　the　Tay　at　Dunkeld；

or　over　the　Spey　at　Fochabers；　or　over　the　Findhorn　at　Forres。

Nothing　but　wretched　pierless　ferries；　let　to　poor　cottars；　who

rowed；　or　hauled；　or　pushed　a　crazy　boat　across；　or　more　commonly

got　their　wives　to　do　it。　　There　was　no　mail…coach　north　of

Aberdeen　till；　I　think；　after　the　battle　of　Waterloo。　　What　it　must

have　been　a　few　years　before　my　time　may　be　judged　of　from　Bozzy's

'Letter　to　Lord　Braxfield；'　published　in　1780。　　He　thinks　that；

besides　a　carriage　and　his　own　carriage…horses；　every　judge　ought

to　have　his　sumpter…horse；　and　ought　not　to　travel　faster　than　the

waggon　which　carried　the　baggage　of　the　circuit。　　I　understood　from

Hope　that；　after　1784；　when　he　came　to　the　Bar；　he　and　Braxfield

rode　a　whole　north　circuit；　and　that；　from　the　Findhorn　being　in　a

flood；　they　were　obliged　to　go　up　its　banks　for　about　twenty…eight

miles　to　the　bridge　of　Dulsie　before　they　could　cross。　　I　myself

rode　circuits　when　I　was　Advocate…Depute　between　1807　and　1810。

The　fashion　of　every　Depute　carrying　his　own　shell　on　his　back；　in

the　form　of　his　own　carriage；　is　a　piece　of　very　modern

antiquity。〃*＇7＇　　North　of　Inverness；　matters　were；　if　possible；

still　worse。　　There　was　no　bridge　over　the　Beauly　or　the　Conan。

The　drovers　coming　south　swam　the　rivers　with　their　cattle。　　There

being　no　roads；　there　was　little　use　for　carts。　　In　the　whole

county　of　Caithness；　there　was　　scarcely　a　farmer　who　owned　a

wheel…cart。　　Burdens　were　conveyed　usually　on　the　backs　of　ponies；

but　quite　as　often　on　the　backs　of　women。*＇8＇　　The　interior　of　the

county　of　Sutherland　being　almost　inaccessible；　the　only　track　lay

along　the　shore；　among　rocks　and　sand；　and　was　covered　by　the　sea

at　every　tide。　　〃The　people　lay　scattered　in　inaccessible　straths

and　spots　among　the　mountains；　where　they　lived　in　family　with

their　pigs　and　kyloes　（cattle）；　in　turf　cabins　of　the　most

miserable　description；　they　spoke　only　Gaelic；　and　spent　the　whole

of　their　time　in　indolence　and　sloth。　　Thus　they　had　gone　on　from

father　to　son；　with　little　change；　except　what　the　introduction　of

illicit　distillation　had　wrought；　and　making　little　or　no　export

from　the　country　beyond　the　few　lean　kyloes；　which　paid　the　rent

and　produced　wherewithal　to　pay　for　the　oatmeal　imported。〃*＇9＇

Telford's　first　recommendation　was；　that　a　bridge　should　be　thrown

across　the　Tay　at　Dunkeld；　to　connect　the　improved　lines　of　road

proposed　to　be　made　on　each　side　of　the　river。　　He　regarded　this

measure　as　of　the　first　importance　to　the　Central　Highlands；　and　as

the　Duke　of　Athol　was　willing　to　pay　one…half　of　the　cost　of　the

erection；　if　the　Government　would　defray　the　otherthe　bridge　to

be　free　of　toll　after　a　certain　periodit　appeared　to　the　engineer

that　this　was　a　reasonable　and　just　mode　of　providing　for　the

contingency。　　In　the　next　place；　he　recommended　a　bridge　over　the

Spey；　which　drained　a　great　extent　of　mountainous　country；　and；

being　liable　to　sudden　inundations；　was　very　dangerous　to　cross。

Yet　this　ferry　formed　the　only　link　of　communication　between　the

whole　of　the　northern　counties。　　The　site　pointed　out　for　the

proposed　bridge　was　adjacent　to　the　town　of　Fochabers；　and　here

also　the　Duke　of　Gordon　and　other　county　gentlemen　were　willing　to

provide　one…half　of　the　means　for　its　erection。



Mr。　Telford　further　described　in　detail　the　roads　necessary　to　be

constructed　in　the　north　and　west　Highlands；　with　the　object　of

opening　up　the　western　parts　of　the　counties　of　Inverness　and　Ross；

and　affording　a　ready　communication　from　the　Clyde　to　the　fishing

lochs　in　the　neighbourhood　of　the　Isle　of　Skye。　　As　to　the　means　of

executing　these　improvements；　he　suggested　that　Government　would　be

justified　in　dealing　with　the　Highland　roads　and　bridges　as

exceptional　and　extraordinary　works；　and　extending　the　public　aid

towards　carrying　them　into　effect；　as；　but　for　such　assistance；　the

country　must　remain；　perhaps　for　ages　to　come；　imperfectly　opened　up。

His　report　further　embraced　certain　improvements　in　the　harbours　of

Aberdeen　and　Wick；　and　a　description　of　the　country　through　which

the　proposed　line　of　the　Caledonian　Canal　would　necessarily　pass

a　canal　which　had　long　been　the　subject　of　inquiry；　but　had　not　as

yet　emerged　from　a　state　of　mere　speculation。



The　new　roads；　bridges；　and　other　improvements　suggested　by　the

engineer；　excited　much　interest　in　the　north。　　The　Highland　Society

voted　him　their　thanks　by　acclamation；　the　counties　of　Inverness

and　Ross　followed；　and　he　had　letters　of　thanks　and　congratulation

from　many　of　the　Highland　chiefs。　　〃If　they　will　persevere；〃　says　he；

〃with　anything　like　their　present　zeal；　they　will　have　the

satisfaction　of　greatly　improving　a　country　that　has　been　too　long

neglected。　　Things　are　greatly　changed　now　in　the　Highlands。　　Even

were　the　chiefs　to　quarrel；　de'il　a　Highlandman　would　stir　for　them。

The　lairds　have　transferred　their　affections　from　their　people　to

flocks　of　sheep；　and　the　people　have　lost　their　veneration　for　the

lairds。　　It　seems　to　be　the　natural　progress　of　society；　but　it　is

not　an　altogether　satisfactory　change。　　There　were　some　fine

features　in　the　former　patriarchal　state　of　society；　but　now

clanship　is　gone；　and　chiefs　and　people　are　hastening　into　the

opposite　extreme。　　This　seems　to　me　to　be　quite　wrong。〃*＇10＇

In　the　same　year；　Telford　was　elected　a　member　of　the　Royal　Society

of　Edinburgh；　on　which　occasion　he　was　proposed　and　supported　by

three　professors；　so　that　the　former　Edinburgh　mason　was　rising　in

the　world　and　receiving　due　honour　in　his　own　country。　　The　effect

of　his　report　was　such；　that　in　the　session　of　1803　a　Parliamentary

Commission　was　appointed；　under　whose　direction　a　series　of

practical　improvements　was　commenced；　which　issued　in　the

construction　of　not　less　than　920　additional　miles　of　roads　and

bridges　throughout　the　Highlands；　one…half　of　the　cost　of　which　was

defrayed　by　the　Government　and　the　other　half　by　local　assessment。

But　in　addition　to　these　main　lines　of　communication；　numberless

county　roads　were　formed　by　statute　labour；　under　local　road　Acts

and　by　other　means；　the　land…owners　of　Sutherland　alone

constructing　nearly　300　miles　of　district　roads　at　their　own　cost。



＇Image＇　Map　of　Telford's　Roads。