s or officers； that is to say； are to bear their dignity for the space of three years。 〃The second year the metoche； consisting of eight wards； elects eight aldermen； one in each ward； and 120 deputies； fifteen in each ward； being also triennial magistrates。 〃The third year telicouta； consisting of a like number of wards； elects an equal number of like magistrates for a like term。 So that the whole number of the aldermen； according to that of the wards； amounts to twenty…six； and the whole number of the deputies； to 390。 〃The aldermen thus elected have divers capacities； for； first； they are justices of the peace for the term； and in consequence of their election。 Secondly； they are presidents of the wardmote and governors each of that ward whereby he was elected。 And last of all； these magistrates being assembled together； constitute the Senate of the city； otherwise called the court of aldermen； but no man is capable of this election that is not worth ？0；000。 This court upon every new election makes choice of nine censors out of their own number。 〃The deputies in like manner being assembled together； constitute the prerogative tribe of the city； otherwise called the common council； by which means the Senate and the people of the city were comprehended； as it were； by the motion of the national government； into the same wheel of annual； triennial； and perpetual revolution。 〃But the liveries； over and above the right of these elections by their divisions mentioned； being assembled all together at the guild of the city； constitute another assembly called the common hall。 〃The common hall has the right of two other elections； the one of the lord mayor； and the other of the two sheriffs； being annual magistrates。 The lord mayor can be elected out of no other than one of the twelve companies of the first ranks； and the common hall agrees by the plurality of suffrages upon two names； which； being presented to the lord mayor for the time being； and the court of the aldermen； they elect one by their scrutiny。 For so they call it； though it differs from that of the commonwealth。 The orator or assistant to the lord mayor in holding of his courts； is some able lawyer elected by the court of aldermen； and called the recorder of Emporium。 〃The lord mayor being thus elected； has two capacities： one regarding the nation； and the other the city。 In that which regards the city； he is president of the court of aldermen； having power to assemble the same； or any other council of the city； as the common council or common hall； at his will and pleasure； and in that which regards the nation； he is commander…in…chief of the three tribes whereinto the city is divided； one of which he is to bring up in person at the national muster to the ballot； as his vice…comites； or high sheriffs； are to do by the other two； each at their distinct pavilion； where the nine aldermen； elected censors； are to officiate by three in each tribe； according to the rules and orders already given to the censors of the rustic tribes。 And the tribes of the city have no other than one common phylarch； which is the court of aldermen and the common council； for which cause they elect not at their muster the first list called the prime magnitude。 〃The conveniences of this alteration of the city government； besides the bent of it to a conformity with that of the nation； were many； whereof I shall mention but a few： as first； whereas men under the former administration； when the burden of some of these magistracies lay for life； were oftentimes chosen not for their fitness； but rather unfitness； or at least unwillingness to undergo such a weight； whereby they were put at great rates to fine for their ease； a man might now take his share in magistracy with that equity which is due to the public； and without any inconvenience to his private affairs。 Secondly； whereas the city （inasmuch as the acts of the aristocracy； or court of aldermen； in their former way of proceeding； were rather impositions than propositions） was frequently disquieted with the inevitable consequence of disorder in the power of debate exercised by the popular part； or common council； the right of debate being henceforth established in the court of aldermen； and that of
result in the common council； killed the branches of division in the root。 Which for the present may suffice to have been said of the city of Emporium。 〃That of Hiera consists as to the national government of two tribes； the first called agoroea； the second propola； but as to the peculiar policy of twelve manipuls； or wards divided into three cohorts； each cohort containing four wards； whereof the wards of the first cohort elect for the first year four burgesses； one in each ward； the wards of the second cohort for the second year four burgesses； one in each ward； and the wards of the third cohort for the third year four burgesses； one in each ward； all triennial magistrates； by which the twelve burgesses； making one court for the government of this city according to their instructions by act of Parliament； fall likewise into an annual； triennial； and perpetual revolution。 〃This court being thus constituted； makes election of divers magistrates； as first； of a high steward； who is commonly some person of quality； and this magistracy is elected in the Senate by the scrutiny of this court； with him they choose some able lawyer to be his deputy； and to hold the court； and last of all they elect out of their own number six censors。 〃The high steward is commander…in…chief of the two tribes； whereof he in person brings up the one at the national muster to the ballot； and his deputy the other at a distinct pavilion； the six censors chosen by the court officiating by three in each tribe at the urns； and these tribes have no other phylarch but this court。 〃As for the manner of elections and suffrage； both in Emporium and Hiera； it may be said； once for all； that they are performed by ballot； and according to the respective rules already given。 〃There be other cities and corporations throughout the territory； whose policy being much of this kind； would be tedious and not worth the labor to insert； nor dare I stay。 Juvenum manus emicat ardens。〃 I return； according to the method of the commonwealth； to the remaining parts of her orbs； which are military and provincial； the military； except the strategus； and the polemarchs or field…officers； consIsting of the youth only； and the provincial consisting of a mixture both of elders and of the youth。 To begin with the youth； or the military orbs； they are circles to which the commonwealth must have a care to keep close。 A man is a spirit raised by the magic of nature； if she does not stand safe； and so that she may set him to some good and useful work； he spits fire； and blows up castles； for where there is life； there must be motion or work； and the work of idleness is mischief； but the work of industry is health。 To set men to this； the commonwealth must begin betimes with them； or it will be too late； and the means whereby she sets them to it is education； the plastic art of government。 But it is as frequent as sad in experience （whether through negligence； or； which in the consequence is all one or worse； over…fondness in the domestic performance of this duty） that innumerable children come to owe their utter perdition to their own parents； in each of which the commonwealth loses a citizen。 Wherefore the laws of a government； how wholesome soever in themselves； are such as； if men by a congruity in their education be not bred to find a relish in them； they will be sure to loathe and detest。 The education therefore of a man's own children is not wholly to be committed or trusted to himself。 You find in Livy the children of Brutus； having been bred under monarchy； and used to a court life； making faces at the Commonwealth of Rome： 〃A king （say they） is a man with whom you may prevail when you have need there should be law； or when you have need there should be no law； he has favors in the right； and he frowns not in the wrong place； he knows his friends from his enemies。 But laws are deaf； inexorable things； such as make no difference between a gentleman and an ordinary fellow； a man can never be merry for them； for to trust altogether to his own innocence is a sad life。〃 Unhappy wantons！ Scipio； on the other side； when he was but a boy （about two or three and twenty）； being informed that certain patricians of Roman gentlemen； through a qualm upon the defeat which Hannibal had given them at Cannae； were laying their heads together and contriving their flight with the transportation of their goods out of Rome； drew his sword； and setting himself at the door of the chamber where they were at council； protested 〃that who did not immediately swear not to desert the commonwealth； he would make his soul to desert his body。〃 Let men argue as they please for monarchy； or against a commonwealth； the world shall never see any man so sottish or wicked as in cool blood to prefer the education of the sons of Brutus before that of Scipio； and of this mould； except a Melius or a Manlius； was the whole youth of that commonwealth； though not ordinarily so well cast。 Now the health of a government and the education of the youth being of the same pulse； no wonder if it has been the constant practice of well…ordered commonwealths to commit the care and feeling of it to public magistrates。 A duty that was performed in such a manner by the Areopagites； as is elegantly praised by Isocrates。 〃the Athenians （says he） write not their laws upon dead walls； nor content themselves with having ordained punishments for crimes； but provide in such a way； by the education of their youth； that there be no crimes for punishment。〃 He speaks of those laws which regarded manners； not of those orders which concerned the administration of the commonwealth； lest you should think he contradicts Xenophon and Polybius。 The children of Lacedaemon； at the seventh year of their age； were delivered to the poedonomi； or schoolmasters； not mercenary； but magistrates of the commonwealth； to which they were accountable for their charge； and by these at the age of fourteen they were presented to other magistra