arii； in regard that the tenure of their lands was by way of benefices； that is； for life； and upon condition of duty or service in the war upon their own charge。 These benefices Alexander Severus granted to the heirs of the incumbents； but upon the same conditions。 And such was the dominion by which the Roman emperors gave their balance。 But to the beneficiaries； as was no less than necessary for the safety of the prince； a matter of 8；000 by the example of Augustus were added； which departed not from his sides； but were his perpetual guard； called Pretorian bands； though these； according to the incurable flaw already observed in this kind of government； became the most frequent butchers of their lords that are to be found in story。 Thus far the Roman monarchy is much the same with that at this day in Turkey； consisting of a camp and a horse…quarter； a camp in regard of the Spahis and Janizaries； the perpetual guard of the prince； except they also chance to be liquorish after his blood； and a horse…quarter in regard of the distribution of his whole land to tenants for life； upon condition of continual service； or as often as they shall be commanded at their own charge by timars； being a word which they say signifies benefices； that it shall save me a labor of opening the government。 But the fame of Mahomet and his prudence is especially founded in this； that whereas the Roman monarchy； except that of Israel； was the most imperfect； the Turkish is the most perfect that ever was。 Which happened in that the Roman （as the Israelitish of the Sanhedrim and the congregation） had a mixture of the Senate and the people； and the Turkish is pure。 And that this was pure； and the other mixed； happened not through the wisdom of the legislators； but the different genius of the nations； the people of the Eastern parts； except the Israelites； which is to be attributed to their agrarian； having been such as scarce ever knew any other condition than that of slavery； and these of the Wester having ever had such a relish of liberty； as through what despair soever could never be brought to stand still while the yoke was putting on their necks； but by being fed with some hopes of reserving to themselves some part of their freedom。 Wherefore Julius Caesar （saith Suetonius） contented himself in naming half the magistrates； to leave the rest to the suffrage of the people。 And Maecenas； though he would not have Augustus to give the people their liberty； would not have him take it quite away。 Whence this empire； being neither hawk nor buzzard； made a flight accordingly； and the prince being perpetually tossed （having the avarice of the soldiery on this hand to satisfy upon the people； and the Senate and the people on the other to be defended from the soldiery）； seldom died any other death than by one horn of this dilemma； as is noted more at large by Machiavel。 But the Pretorian bands； those bestial executioners of their captain's tyranny upon others； and of their own upon him； having continued from the time of Augustus； were by Constantine the Great （incensed against them for taking part with his adversary Maxentius） removed from their strong garrison which they held in Rome； and distributed into divers provinces。 The benefices of the soldiers that were hitherto held for life and upon duty； were by this prince made hereditary； so that the whole foundation whereupon this empire was first built being now removed； shows plainly that the emperors must long before this have found out some other way of support； and this was by stipendiating the Goths； a people that； deriving their roots from the northern parts of Germany； or out of Sweden； had； through their victories obtained against Domitian； long since spread their branches to so near a neighborhood with the Roman territories that they began to overshadow them。 For the emperors making use of them in their armies； as the French do at this day of the Switz； gave them that under the notion of a stipend； which they received as tribute； coming； if there were any default in the payment； so often to distrain for it； that in the time of Honorius they sacked Rome； and possessed themselves of Italy。 And such was the transition of ancient into modern prudence； or that breach； which being followed in every part of the Roman Empire with inundations of Vandals； Huns； Lombards； Franks； Saxons； overwhelmed ancient languages； learning； prudence； manners； cities； changing the names of rivers； countries； seas； mountains； and men； Camillus； Caesar； and Pompey； being come to Edmund； Richard； and Geoffrey。 To open the groundwork or balance of these new politicians： 〃Feudum；〃 says Calvin the lawyer； 〃is a Gothic word of divers significations； for it is taken either for war； or for a possession of conquered lands； distributed by the victor to such of his captains and soldiers as had merited in his wars； upon condition to acknowledge him to be their perpetual lord； and themselves to be his subjects。〃 Of these there were three kinds or orders： the first of nobility distinguished by the titles of dukes； marquises； earls； and these being gratified with the cities； castles； and villages of the conquered Italians； their feuds participated of royal dignity； and were called regalia； by which they had right to coin money； create magistrates； take toll； customs； confiscations； and the like。 Feuds of the second order were such as； with the consent of the King； were bestowed by these feudatory princes upon men of inferior quality； called their barons； on condition that next to the King they should defend the dignities and fortunes of their lords in arms。 The lowest order of feuds were such； as being conferred by those of the second order upon private men； whether noble not noble； obliged them in the like duty to their superiors； the were called vavasors。 And this is the Gothic balance； by which all the kingdoms this day in Christendom were at first erected； for which cause； if I had time； I should open in this place the Empire of Germany； and the Kingdoms of France； Spain； and Poland； but so much as has been said being sufficient for the discovery of the principles of modern prudence in general； I shall divide the remainder of my discourse； which is more particular； into three parts： The first； showing the constitution of the late monarchy of Oceana； The second； the dissolution of the same； and The third； the generation of the present commonwealth。
The constitution of the late monarchy of Oceana is to be considered in relation to the different nations by whom it has been successively subdued and governed。 The first of these were the Romans； the second the Teutons； the third the Scandians； and the fourth the Neustrians。 The government of the Romans； who held it as a province； I shall omit； because I am to speak of their provincial government in another place； only it is to be remembered here； that if we have given over running up and down naked； and with dappled hides； learned to write and read； and to be instructed with good arts； for all these we are beholden to the Romans； either immediately or mediately by the Teutons； for that the Teutons had the arts from no other hand is plain enough by their language； which has yet no word to signify either writing or reading； but what is derived from the Latin。 Furthermore； by the help of these arts so learned； we have been capable of that religion which we have long since received； wherefore it seems to me that we ought not to detract from the memory of the Romans； by whose means we are； as it were； of beasts become men； and by whose means we might yet of obscure and ignorant men （if we thought not too well of ourselves） become a wise and a great people。 The Romans having governed Oceana provincially； the Teutons were the first that introduced the form of the late monarchy。 To these succeeded the Scandians； of whom （because their reign was short； as also because they made little alteration in the government as to the form） I shall take no notice。 But the Teutons going to work upon the Gothic balance； divided the whole nation into three sorts of feuds； that of ealdorman； that of king's thane； and that of middle thane。 When the kingdom was first divided into precincts will be as hard to show as when it began first to be governed。 It being impossible that there should be any government without some division。 The division that was in use with the Teutons was by counties； and every county had either its ealdorman or high reeve。 The title of ealdorman came in time to eorl； or erl； and that of high reeve to high sheriff。 Earl of the shire or county denoted the king's thane； or tenant by grand sergeantry or knight's service； in chief or in capite； his possessions were sometimes the whole territory from whence he had his denomination； that is； the whole county； sometimes more than one county； and sometimes less； the remaining part being in the crown。 He had also sometimes a third； or some other customary part of the profits of certain cities； boroughs； or other places within his earldom。 For an example of the possessions of earls in ancient times； Ethelred had to him and his heirs the whole Kingdom of Mercia； containing three or four counties； and there were others that had little less。 King's thane was also an honorary title； to which he was qualified that had five hides of land held immediately of the King by service of personal attendance； insomuch that if a churl or countryman had thriven to this proportion； having a church； a kitchen； a bell…house （that is； a hall with a bell in it to call his family to dinner）； a borough…gate with a seat （that is； a porch） of his own； and any distinct office in the King's court； then was he the King's thane。 But the proportion of a hide…land； otherwise called caruca； or a plough…land； is difficult to be understood； because it was not certain； nevertheless it is generally conceived to be so much as may be managed with one plough； and would yield the maintenance of the same； with the appurtenances in all kinds。 The middle thane was feudal； but not honorary； he was also called a vavasor； and his lands a vavasory； which held of some mesne lord； and not immediately of the King。 Possessions and their tenures； being