wealbk05- 第35部分

of　the　tax。

　　　　　It　has　been　owing　in　part　to　the　great　prosperity　of　almost

every　part　of　the　country；　the　rents　of　almost　all　the　estates　of

Great　Britain　having；　since　the　time　when　this　valuation　was

first　established；　been　continually　rising；　and　scarce　any　of

them　having　fallen。　The　landlords；　therefore；　have　almost　all

gained　the　difference　between　the　tax　which　they　would　have　paid

according　to　the　present　rent　of　their　estates；　and　that　which

they　actually　pay　according　to　the　ancient　valuation。　Had　the

state　of　the　country　been　different；　had　rents　been　gradually

falling　in　consequence　of　the　declension　of　cultivation；　the

landlords　would　almost　all　have　lost　this　difference。　In　the

state　of　things　which　has　happened　to　take　place　since　the

revolution；　the　constancy　of　the　valuation　has　been　advantageous

to　the　landlord　and　hurtful　to　the　sovereign。　In　a　different

state　of　things　it　might　have　been　advantageous　to　the　sovereign

and　hurtful　to　the　landlord。

　　　　　As　the　tax　is　made　payable　in　money；　so　the　valuation　of　the

land　is　expressed　in　money。　Since　the　establishment　of　this

valuation　the　value　of　silver　has　been　pretty　uniform；　and　there

has　been　no　alteration　in　the　standard　of　the　coin　either　as　to

weight　or　fineness。　Had　silver　risen　considerably　in　its　value；

as　it　seems　to　have　done　in　the　course　of　the　two　centuries　which

preceded　the　discovery　of　the　mines　of　America；　the　constancy　of

the　valuation　might　have　proved　very　oppressive　to　the　landlord。

Had　silver　fallen　considerably　in　its　value；　as　it　certainly　did

for　about　a　century　at　least　after　the　discovery　of　those　mines；

the　same　constancy　of　valuation　would　have　reduced　very　much　this

branch　of　the　revenue　of　the　sovereign。　Had　any　considerable

alteration　been　made　in　the　standard　of　the　money；　either　by

sinking　the　same　quantity　of　silver　to　a　lower　denomination；　or

by　raising　it　to　a　higher；　had　an　ounce　of　silver；　for　example；

instead　of　being　coined　into　five　shillings　and　twopence；　been

coined　either　into　pieces　which　bore　so　low　a　denomination　as　two

shillings　and　sevenpence；　or　into　pieces　which　bore　so　high　a　one

as　ten　shillings　and　fourpence；　it　would　in　the　one　case　have

hurt　the　revenue　of　the　proprietor；　in　the　other　that　of　the

sovereign。

　　　　　In　circumstances；　therefore；　somewhat　different　from　those

which　have　actually　taken　place；　this　constancy　of　valuation

might　have　been　a　very　great　inconveniency；　either　to　the

contributors；　or　to　the　commonwealth。　In　the　course　of　ages　such

circumstances；　however；　must；　at　some　time　or　other；　happen。　But

though　empires；　like　all　the　other　works　of　men；　have　all

hitherto　proved　mortal；　yet　every　empire　aims　at　immortality。

Every　constitution；　therefore；　which　it　is　meant　should　be　as

permanent　as　the　empire　itself；　ought　to　be　convenient；　not　in

certain　circumstances　only；　but　in　all　circumstances；　or　ought　to

be　suited；　not　to　those　circumstances　which　are　transitory；

occasional；　or　accidental；　but　to　those　which　are　necessary　and

therefore　always　the　same。

　　　　　A　tax　upon　the　rent　of　land　which　varies　with　every

variation　of　the　rent；　or　which　rises　and　falls　according　to　the

improvement　or　neglect　of　cultivation；　is　recommended　by　that

sect　of　men　of　letters　in　France　who　call　themselves　The

Economists　as　the　most　equitable　of　all　taxes。　All　taxes；　they

pretend；　fall　ultimately　upon　the　rent　of　land；　and　ought

therefore　to　be　imposed　equally　upon　the　fund　which　must　finally

pay　them。　That　all　taxes　ought　to　fall　as　equally　as　possible

upon　the　fund　which　must　finally　pay　them　is　certainly　true。　But

without　entering　into　the　disagreeable　discussion　of　the

metaphysical　arguments　by　which　they　support　their　very　ingenious

theory；　it　will　sufficiently　appear；　from　the　following　review；

what　are　the　taxes　which　fall　finally　upon　the　rent　of　the　land；

and　what　are　those　which　fall　finally　upon　some　other　fund。

　　　　　In　the　Venetian　territory　all　the　arable　lands　which　are

given　in　lease　to　farmers　are　taxed　at　a　tenth　of　the　rent。　The

leases　are　recorded　in　a　public　register　which　is　kept　by　the

officers　of　revenue　in　each　province　or　district。　When　the

proprietor　cultivates　his　own　lands；　they　are　valued　according　to

an　equitable　estimation；　and　he　is　allowed　a　deduction　of

one…fifth　of　the　tax；　so　that　for　such　lands　he　pays　only　eight

instead　of　ten　per　cent　of　the　supposed　rent。

　　　　　A　land…tax　of　this　kind　is　certainly　more　equal　than　the

land…tax　of　England。　It　might　not；　perhaps；　be　altogether　so

certain；　and　the　assessment　of　the　tax　might　frequently　occasion

a　good　deal　more　trouble　to　the　landlord。　It　might；　too；　be　a

good　deal　more　expensive　in　the　levying。

　　　　　Such　a　system　of　administration；　however；　might　perhaps　be

contrived　as　would；　in　a　great　measure；　both　prevent　this

uncertainty　and　moderate　this　expense。

　　　　　The　landlord　and　tenant；　for　example；　might　jointly　be

obliged　to　record　their　lease　in　a　public　register。　Proper

penalties　might　be　enacted　against　concealing　or　misrepresenting

any　of　the　conditions；　and　if　part　of　those　penalties　were　to　be

paid　to　either　of　the　two　parties　who　informed　against　and

convicted　the　other　of　such　concealment　or　misrepresentation；　it

would　effectually　deter　them　from　combining　together　in　order　to

defraud　the　public　revenue。　All　the　conditions　of　the　lease　might

be　sufficiently　known　from　such　a　record。

　　　　　Some　landlords；　instead　of　raising　the　rent；　take　a　fine　for

the　renewal　of　the　lease。　This　practice　is　in　most　cases　the

expedient　of　a　spendthrift；　who　for　a　sum　of　ready　money　sells　a

future　revenue　of　much　greater　value。　It　is　in　most　cases；

therefore；　hurtful　to　the　landlords。　It　is　frequently　hurtful　to

the　tenant；　and　it　is　always　hurtful　to　the　community。　It

frequently　takes　from　the　tenant　so　great　a　part　of　his　capital；

and　thereby　diminishes　so　much　his　ability　to　cultivate　the　land；

that　he　finds　it　more　difficult　to　pay　a　small　rent　than　it　would

otherwise　have　been　to　pay　a　great　one。　Whatever　diminishes　his

ability　to　cultivate；　necessarily　keeps　down；　below　what　it　would

otherwise　have　been；　the　most　important　part　of　the　revenue　of

the　community。　By　rendering　the　tax　upon　such　fines　a　good　deal

heavier　than　upon　the　ordinary　rent；　this　hurtful　practice　might

be　discouraged；　to　the　no　small　advantage　of　all　the　different

parties　concerned；　of　the　landlord；　of　the　tenant；　of　the

sovereign；　and　of　the　whole　community。

　　　　　Some　leases　prescribe　to　the　tenant　a　certain　mode　of

cultivation　and　a　certain　succession　of　crops　during　the　whole

continuance　of　the　lease。　This　condition；　which　is　generally　the

effect　of　the　landlord's　conceit　of　his　own　superior　knowledge　（a

conceit　in　most　cases　very　ill　founded）；　ought　always　to　be

considered　as　an　additional　rent；　as　a　rent　in　service　instead　of

a　rent　in　money。　In　order　to　discourage　the　practice；　which　is

generally　a　foolish　one；　this　species　of　rent　might　be　valued

rather　high；　and　consequently　taxed　somewhat　higher　than　common

money　rents。

　　　　　Some　landlords；　instead　of　a　rent　in　money；　require　a　rent

in　kind；　in　corn；　cattle；　poultry；　wine；　oil；　etc。；　others；

again；　require　a　rent　in　service。　Such　rents　are　always　more

hurtful　to　the　tenant　than　beneficial　to　the　landlord。　They

either　take　more　or　keep　more　out　of　the　pocket　of　the　former

than　they　put　into　that　of　the　latter。　In　every　country　where

they　take　place　the　tenants　are　poor　and　beggarly；　pretty　much

according　to　the　degree　in　which　they　take　place。　By　valuing；　in

the　same　manner；　such　rents　rather　high；　and　consequently　taxing

them　somewhat　higher　than　common　money　rents；　a　practice　which　is

hurtful　to　the　whole　community　might　perhaps　be　sufficiently

discouraged。

　　　　　When　the　landlord　chose　to　occupy　himself　a　part　of　his　own

lands；　the　rent　might　be　valued　according　to　an　equitable

arbitration　of　the　farmers　and　landlords　in　the　neighbourhood；

and　a　moderate　abatement　of　the　tax　might　be　granted　to　him；　in

the　same　manner　as　in　the　Venetian　territory；　provided　the　rent

of　the　lands　which　he　occupied　did　not　exceed　a　certain　sum。　It

is　of　importance　that　the　landlord　should　be　encouraged　to

cultivate　a　part　of　his　own　land。　His　capital　is　generally

greater　than　that　of　the　tenant；　and　with　less　skill　he　can

frequently　raise　a　greater　produce。　The　landlord　can　afford　to

try　experiments；　and　is　generally　disposed　to　do　so。　His

unsuccessful　experiments　occasion　only　a　moderate　loss　to

himself。　His　successful　ones　contribute　to　the　improvement　and

better　cultivation　of　the　whole　country。　It　might　be　of

importance；　however；　that　the　abatement　of　the　tax　should

encourage　him　to　cultivate　to　a　certain　extent　only。　If　the

landlords　should；　the　greater　part　of　them；　be　tempted　to　farm

the　whole　of　their　own　lands；　the　country　（instead　of　sober　and

industrious　tenants；　who　are　bound　by　their　own　interest　to

cultivate　as　well　as　their　capital　and　skill　will　allow　them）

would　be　filled　with　idle　and　profligate　bailiffs；　whose　abusive

management　would　soon　degrade　the　cultivation　and　reduce　the

annual　produce　of　the　land；　to　the　diminution；　not　only　of　the

revenue　of　their　masters；　but　of　the　most　important　part　of　that

of　the　whole　society。

　　　　　Such　a　system　of　administration　might；　perhaps；　free　a　tax

of　this　kind　from　any　degree　of　uncertainty　which　could　occasion

either　oppression　or　inconveniency　of　the　contributor；　and　might

at　the　same　time　serve　to　introduce　into　the　common　management　of

land　such　a　plan　or　policy　as　might　contribute　a　good　deal　to　the

general　improvement　and　good　cultivation　of　the　country。

　　　　　The　expense　of　levying　a　land…tax　which　varied　with　every

variation　of　the　rent　would　no　doubt　be　somewhat　greater　than

that　of　levying　one　which　was　already　rated　according　to　a　fixed

valuation。　Some　additional　expense　would　necessarily