the poor Cameron tragedy itself。＇
About as likely as that the Cham of Tartary had interfered in the 〃Bangorian Controversy〃 （raging； I believe； some time since；in Cremorne Gardens fist of all； which was Bishop Hoadly's Place；to the terror of mitres and wigs）； or that； the Emperor of China was concerned in Meux's Porter…Brewery； with an eye to sale of NUX VOMICA。 Among all the Kings that then were； or that ever were； King Friedrich distinguished himself by the grand human virtue （one of the most important for Kings and for men） of keeping well at home； of always minding his own affairs。 These were； in fact； the one thing he minded； and he did that well。 He was vigilant； observant all round； for weather…symptoms； thoroughly well informed of what his neighbors had on hand； ready to interfere； generally in some judicious soft way； at any moment； if his own Countries or their interests came to be concerned； certain； till then； to continue a speculative observer merely。 He had knowledge； to an extent of accuracy which often surprised his neighbors： but there is no instance in which he meddled where he had no business；and few； I believe； in which he did not meddle； and to the purpose； when he had。
Later in his Reign； in the time of the American War （1777）； there is； on the English part； in regard to Friedrich； an equally distracted notion of the same kind brought to light。 Again； a conviction； namely； or moral…certainty； that Friedrich is about assisting the American Insurgents against us；and a very strange and indubitable step is ordered to be taken in consequence。 ＇ OEuvres de Frederic； xxvi。 394 （Friedrich to Prince Henri； 29th June； 1777。）＇ As shall be noticed； if we have time。 No enlightened Public； gazing for forty or fifty years into an important Neighbor Gentleman； with intent for practical knowledge of him； could well； though assisted by the cleverest Hanburys； and Demon and Angel Newswriters； have achieved less！
Question THIRD is But Question Third； so extremely important was it in the sequel； will deserve a Chapter to itself。
Chapter XIV。
THERE IS LIKE TO BE ANOTHER WAR AHEAD。
Question Third； French…English Canada Question； is no other than； under a new form； our old friend the inexorable JENKINS'S…EAR QUESTION； soul of all these Controversies； andexcept Silesia and Friedrich's Questionthe one meaning they have！ Huddled together it had been； at the Peace of Aix…la…Chapelle； and left for closed under 〃New Spanish Assiento Treaty；〃 or I know not what：you thought to close it by Diplomatic putty and varnish in that manner： and here； by law of Nature； it comes welling up on you anew。 For IT springs from the Centre； as we often say； and is the fountain and determining element of very large Sections of Human History； still hidden in the unseen Time。
〃Ocean Highway to be free； for the English and others who have business on it？〃 The English have a real and weighty errand there。 〃English to trade and navigate； as the Law of Nature orders； on those Seas； and to ponderate or preponderate there； according to the real amount of weight they and their errand have？ OR； English to have their ears torn off； and imperious French…Spanish Bourbons； grounding on extinct Pope's…meridians； GLOIRE and other imaginary bases； to take command？〃 The incalculable Yankee Nations； shall they be in effect YANGKEE （〃English〃 with a difference）； or FRANGCEE （〃French〃 with a difference）？ A Question not to be closed by Diplomatic putty； try as you will！
By Treaty of Utrecht （1713）； 〃all Nova Scotia ＇ACADIE as then called＇； with Newfoundland and the adjacent Islands；〃 was ceded to the English； and has ever since been possessed by them accordingly。 Unluckily that Treaty omitted to settle a Line of Boundary to landward； or westward； for their 〃NOVA SCOTIA；〃 or generally； a Boundary from NORTH TO SOUTH between the British Colonies and the French in those parts。
The Treaty of Aix…la…Chapelle； eager to conclude itself； stipulated； with great distinctness； that Cape Breton； all its guns and furnishings entire； should be restored at once （France extremely anxious on that point）； but for the rest had； being in such haste； flung itself altogether into the principle of STATUS… QUO…ANTE； as the short way for getting through。 The boundary in America was vaguely defined； as 〃now to be what it had been before the War。〃 It had； for many years before the War； been a subject of constant altercation。 ACADIE； for instance； the NOVA SCOTIA of the English since Utrecht time； the French maintained to mean only 〃the Peninsula〃； or Nook included between the Ocean Waters and the Bay of Fundy。 And； more emphatic still； on the 〃Isthmus〃 （or narrow space； at northwest； between said Bay and the Ocean or the Gulf of St。 Lawrence） they had built 〃Forts：〃 〃Stockades；〃 or I know not what； 〃on the Missaquish〃 （HODIE Missiquash）； a winding difficult river； northmost of the Bay of Fundy's rivers； which the French affirm to be the real limit in that quarter。 The sparse French Colonists of the interior； subjects of England； are not to be conciliated by perfect toleration of religion and the like； but have an invincible proclivity to join their Countrymen outside； and wish well to those Stockades on the Missiquash。 It must be owned； too； the French Official People are far from scrupulous or squeamish； show energy of management； and are very skilful with the Indians； who are an important item。 Canada is all French； has its Quebecs； Montreals； a St。 Lawrence River occupied at all the good military points； and serving at once as bulwark and highway。
Southward and westward； France； in its exuberant humor； claims for itself The whole Basin of the St。 Lawrence； and the whole Basin of the Mississippi as well： 〃Have not we Stockades； Castles； at the military points； Fortified Places in Louisiana itself？〃 Yes；and how many Ploughed Fields bearing Crop have you？ It is to the good Plougher； not ultimately to the good Cannonier； that those portions of Creation will belong？ The exuberant intention of the French is； after getting back Cape Breton； 〃To restrict those aspiring English Colonies；〃 mere Ploughers and Traders； hardly numbering above one million； 〃to the Space eastward of the Alleghany Mountains；〃 over which they are beginning to climb； 〃and southward of that Missiquash； or； at farthest； of the Penobscot and Kennebunk〃 （rivers HODIE in the State of Maine）。 ＇La Gallisonniere； Governor of Canada's DESPATCH； 〃Quebec； 15th January； 1749〃 （cited in Bancroft； History of the United States； Boston； 1839； et seq。）。 〃The English Inhabitants are computed at 1；051；000； French （in Canada 45；000； in Louisiana 7；000）； in all 52；000：〃 History of British Dominions in North America （London； 1773）； p。 13。 Bancroft （i。 154） counts the English Colonists in 〃1754 about 1；200；000。〃＇ That will be a very pretty Parallelogram for them and their ploughs and trade…packs： we； who are 50；000 odd； expert with the rifle far beyond them； will occupy the rest of the world。 Such is the French exuberant notion： and； October； 1745； before signature at Aix…la…Chapelle； much more before Delivery of Cape Breton； the Commandant at Detroit （west end of Lake Erie） had received orders； 〃To oppose peremptorily every English Establishment not only thereabouts； but on the Ohio or its tributaries； by monition first； and then by force； if monition do not serve。〃
Establishments of any solidity or regularity the English have not in those parts； beyond the Alleghanies all is desert： 〃from the Canada Lakes to the Carolinas； mere hunting…ground of the Six Nations； dotted with here and there an English trading…house； or adventurous Squatter's farm：〃to whom now the French are to say： 〃Home you； instantly； and leave the Desert alone！〃 The French have distinct Orders from Court； and energetically obey the same； the English have indistinct Orders from Nature； and do not want energy； or mind to obey these： confusions and collisions are manifold； ubiquitous； continual。 Of which the history would be tiresome to everybody； and need only be indicated here by a mark or two of the main passages。
In 1749； three things had occurred worth mention。 FIRST； Captain Coram； a public…spirited half…pay gentleman in London； originator of the Foundling Hospital there； had turned his attention to the fine capabilities and questionable condition of NOVA SCOTIA； with few inhabitants； and those mostly disaffected； and； by many efforts now forgotten； had got the Government persuaded to despatch （June； 1749） a kind of Half…pay or Military Colony to those parts： 〃more than 1；400 persons disbanded officers； soldiers and marines； under Colonel Edward Cornwallis；〃 Brother of the since famous Lord Cornwallis。 ＇Coxe's Pelham； ii。 113。＇ Who landed； accordingly； on that rough shore； stockaded themselves in； hardily endeavoring and enduring； and next year； built a Town for themselves； Town of HALIFAX （so named from the then Lord Halifax； President of the Board of Trade）； which stands there； in more and more conspicuous manner； at this day。 Thanks to you； Captain Coram； though the ungrateful generations （except dimly in CORAM Street； near your Hospital） have lost all memory of you； as their wont is。 Blockheads； never mind them。
The SECOND thing is； an 〃Ohio Company〃 has got together in Virginia； Governor there encouraging； Britannic Majesty giving Charter （March； 1749）； and what is still easier； 〃500；000 Acres of Land〃 in those Ohio regions； since you are minded to colonize there in a fixed manner。 Britannic Majesty thinks the Country 〃between the Monongahela and the Kanahawy〃 （southern feeders of Ohio） will do best； but is not particular。 Ohio Company； we shall find； chose at last； as the eligible spot； the topmost fork or very Head of the Ohio；where Monongahela River from south and Alleghany River from north unite to form 〃The Ohio；〃 where stands； in our day； the big sooty Town of Pittsburg and its industries。 Ohio Company was laudably eager on this matter； Land…Surveyor in it （nay； at length； 〃Colonel of a Regiment of 150 men raised by the Ohio Company〃） was Mr。 George Washington； whose Family had much promoted the Enterprise； and who was inde