the critique of pure reason- 第96部分

wish　to　define　more　strictly　the　nature　of　this　necessary　being；　we　do

not　look　out　for　some　being　the　conception　of　which　would　enable　us　to

comprehend　the　necessity　of　its　being…　for　if　we　could　do　this；　an

empirical　presupposition　would　be　unnecessary；　no；　we　try　to

discover　merely　the　negative　condition　（conditio　sine　qua　non）；

without　which　a　being　would　not　be　absolutely　necessary。　Now　this

would　be　perfectly　admissible　in　every　sort　of　reasoning；　from　a

consequence　to　its　principle；　but　in　the　present　case　it　unfortunately

happens　that　the　condition　of　absolute　necessity　can　be　discovered

in　but　a　single　being；　the　conception　of　which　must　consequently

contain　all　that　is　requisite　for　demonstrating　the　presence　of

absolute　necessity；　and　thus　entitle　me　to　infer　this　absolute

necessity　a　priori。　That　is；　it　must　be　possible　to　reason　conversely；

and　say：　The　thing；　to　which　the　conception　of　the　highest　reality

belongs；　is　absolutely　necessary。　But　if　I　cannot　reason　thus…　and　I

cannot；　unless　I　believe　in　the　sufficiency　of　the　ontological

argument…　I　find　insurmountable　obstacles　in　my　new　path；　and　am

really　no　farther　than　the　point　from　which　I　set　out。　The

conception　of　a　Supreme　Being　satisfies　all　questions　a　priori

regarding　the　internal　determinations　of　a　thing；　and　is　for　this

reason　an　ideal　without　equal　or　parallel；　the　general　conception　of

it　indicating　it　as　at　the　same　time　an　ens　individuum　among　all

possible　things。　But　the　conception　does　not　satisfy　the　question

regarding　its　existence…　which　was　the　purpose　of　all　our　inquiries；

and；　although　the　existence　of　a　necessary　being　were　admitted；　we

should　find　it　impossible　to　answer　the　question：　What　of　all　things

in　the　world　must　be　regarded　as　such？

　　It　is　certainly　allowable　to　admit　the　existence　of　an

all…sufficient　being…　a　cause　of　all　possible　effects…　for　the　purpose

of　enabling　reason　to　introduce　unity　into　its　mode　and　grounds　of

explanation　with　regard　to　phenomena。　But　to　assert　that　such　a

being　necessarily　exists；　is　no　longer　the　modest　enunciation　of　an

admissible　hypothesis；　but　the　boldest　declaration　of　an　apodeictic

certainty；　for　the　cognition　of　that　which　is　absolutely　necessary

must　itself　possess　that　character。

　　The　aim　of　the　transcendental　ideal　formed　by　the　mind　is　either

to　discover　a　conception　which　shall　harmonize　with　the　idea　of

absolute　necessity；　or　a　conception　which　shall　contain　that　idea。

If　the　one　is　possible；　so　is　the　other；　for　reason　recognizes　that

alone　as　absolutely　necessary　which　is　necessary　from　its

conception。　But　both　attempts　are　equally　beyond　our　power…　we　find　it

impossible　to　satisfy　the　understanding　upon　this　point；　and　as

impossible　to　induce　it　to　remain　at　rest　in　relation　to　this

incapacity。

　　Unconditioned　necessity；　which；　as　the　ultimate　support　and　stay

of　all　existing　things；　is　an　indispensable　requirement　of　the　mind；

is　an　abyss　on　the　verge　of　which　human　reason　trembles　in　dismay。

Even　the　idea　of　eternity；　terrible　and　sublime　as　it　is；　as

depicted　by　Haller；　does　not　produce　upon　the　mental　vision　such　a

feeling　of　awe　and　terror；　for；　although　it　measures　the　duration　of

things；　it　does　not　support　them。　We　cannot　bear；　nor　can　we　rid

ourselves　of　the　thought　that　a　being；　which　we　regard　as　the　greatest

of　all　possible　existences；　should　say　to　himself：　I　am　from

eternity　to　eternity；　beside　me　there　is　nothing；　except　that　which

exists　by　my　will；　whence　then　am　I？　Here　all　sinks　away　from　under

us；　and　the　greatest；　as　the　smallest；　perfection；　hovers　without　stay

or　footing　in　presence　of　the　speculative　reason；　which　finds　it　as

easy　to　part　with　the　one　as　with　the　other。

　　Many　physical　powers；　which　evidence　their　existence　by　their

effects；　are　perfectly　inscrutable　in　their　nature；　they　elude　all　our

powers　of　observation。　The　transcendental　object　which　forms　the　basis

of　phenomena；　and；　in　connection　with　it；　the　reason　why　our

sensibility　possesses　this　rather　than　that　particular　kind　of

conditions；　are　and　must　ever　remain　hidden　from　our　mental　vision；

the　fact　is　there；　the　reason　of　the　fact　we　cannot　see。　But　an

ideal　of　pure　reason　cannot　be　termed　mysterious　or　inscrutable；

because　the　only　credential　of　its　reality　is　the　need　of　it　felt　by

reason；　for　the　purpose　of　giving　completeness　to　the　world　of

synthetical　unity。　An　ideal　is　not　even　given　as　a　cogitable　object；

and　therefore　cannot　be　inscrutable；　on　the　contrary；　it　must；　as　a

mere　idea；　be　based　on　the　constitution　of　reason　itself；　and　on

this　account　must　be　capable　of　explanation　and　solution。　For　the　very

essence　of　reason　consists　in　its　ability　to　give　an　account；　of　all

our　conceptions；　opinions；　and　assertions…　upon　objective；　or；　when

they　happen　to　be　illusory　and　fallacious；　upon　subjective　grounds。



　　　　　Detection　and　Explanation　of　the　Dialectical　Illusion　in

　　　　　　　all　Transcendental　Arguments　for　the　Existence　of　a

　　　　　　　Necessary　Being。



　　Both　of　the　above　arguments　are　transcendental；　in　other　words；　they

do　not　proceed　upon　empirical　principles。　For；　although　the

cosmological　argument　professed　to　lay　a　basis　of　experience　for　its

edifice　of　reasoning；　it　did　not　ground　its　procedure　upon　the

peculiar　constitution　of　experience；　but　upon　pure　principles　of

reason…　in　relation　to　an　existence　given　by　empirical

consciousness；　utterly　abandoning　its　guidance；　however；　for　the

purpose　of　supporting　its　assertions　entirely　upon　pure　conceptions。

Now　what　is　the　cause；　in　these　transcendental　arguments；　of　the

dialectical；　but　natural；　illusion；　which　connects　the　conceptions

of　necessity　and　supreme　reality；　and　hypostatizes　that　which　cannot

be　anything　but　an　idea？　What　is　the　cause　of　this　unavoidable　step　on

the　part　of　reason；　of　admitting　that　some　one　among　all　existing

things　must　be　necessary；　while　it　falls　back　from　the　assertion　of

the　existence　of　such　a　being　as　from　an　abyss？　And　how　does　reason

proceed　to　explain　this　anomaly　to　itself；　and　from　the　wavering

condition　of　a　timid　and　reluctant　approbation…　always　again

withdrawn…　arrive　at　a　calm　and　settled　insight　into　its　cause？

　　It　is　something　very　remarkable　that；　on　the　supposition　that

something　exists；　I　cannot　avoid　the　inference　that　something　exists

necessarily。　Upon　this　perfectly　natural…　but　not　on　that　account

reliable…　inference　does　the　cosmological　argument　rest。　But；　let　me

form　any　conception　whatever　of　a　thing；　I　find　that　I　cannot　cogitate

the　existence　of　the　thing　as　absolutely　necessary；　and　that　nothing

prevents　me…　be　the　thing　or　being　what　it　may…　from　cogitating　its

non…existence。　I　may　thus　be　obliged　to　admit　that　all　existing　things

have　a　necessary　basis；　while　I　cannot　cogitate　any　single　or

individual　thing　as　necessary。　In　other　words；　I　can　never　complete

the　regress　through　the　conditions　of　existence；　without　admitting　the

existence　of　a　necessary　being；　but；　on　the　other　hand；　I　cannot

make　a　commencement　from　this　being。

　　If　I　must　cogitate　something　as　existing　necessarily　as　the　basis　of

existing　things；　and　yet　am　not　permitted　to　cogitate　any　individual

thing　as　in　itself　necessary；　the　inevitable　inference　is　that

necessity　and　contingency　are　not　properties　of　things　themselves…

otherwise　an　internal　contradiction　would　result；　that　consequently

neither　of　these　principles　are　objective；　but　merely　subjective

principles　of　reason…　the　one　requiring　us　to　seek　for　a　necessary

ground　for　everything　that　exists；　that　is；　to　be　satisfied　with　no

other　explanation　than　that　which　is　complete　a　priori；　the　other

forbidding　us　ever　to　hope　for　the　attainment　of　this　completeness；

that　is；　to　regard　no　member　of　the　empirical　world　as

unconditioned。　In　this　mode　of　viewing　them；　both　principles；　in　their

purely　heuristic　and　regulative　character；　and　as　concerning　merely

the　formal　interest　of　reason；　are　quite　consistent　with　each　other。

The　one　says：　〃You　must　philosophize　upon　nature；〃　as　if　there　existed

a　necessary　primal　basis　of　all　existing　things；　solely　for　the

purpose　of　introducing　systematic　unity　into　your　knowledge；　by

pursuing　an　idea　of　this　character…　a　foundation　which　is

arbitrarily　admitted　to　be　ultimate；　while　the　other　warns　you　to

consider　no　individual　determination；　concerning　the　existence　of

things；　as　such　an　ultimate　foundation；　that　is；　as　absolutely

necessary；　but　to　keep　the　way　always　open　for　further　progress　in　the

deduction；　and　to　treat　every　determination　as　determined　by　some

other。　But　if　all　that　we　perceive　must　be　regarded　as　conditionally

necessary；　it　is　impossible　that　anything　which　is　empirically　given

should　be　absolutely　necessary。

　　It　follows　from　this　that　you　must　accept　the　absolutely　necessary

as　out　of　and　beyond　the　world；　inasmuch　as　it　is　useful　only　as　a

principle　of　the　highest　possible　unity　in　experience；　and　you

cannot　discover　any　such　necessary　existence　in　the　would；　the

second　rule　requiring　you　to　regard　all　empirical　causes　of　unity　as

themselves　deduced。

　　The　philosophers　of　antiquity　regarded　all　the　forms　of　nature　as

contingent；　while　matter　was　considered　by　them；　in　accordance　with

the　judgement　of　the　common　reason　of　mankind；　as　primal　and

necessary。　But　if　they　had　regarded　matter；　not　relatively…　as　the

substratum　of　phenomena；　but　absolutely　and　in　itself…　as　an

independent　existence；　this　idea　of　absolute　necessity　would　have

immediately　disappeared。　For　there　is　nothing　absolutely　connecting

reason　with　such　an　existence；　on　the　contrary；　it　can　annihilate　it

in　thought；　always　and　without　self…contradiction。　But　in　thought

alone　lay　the　idea　of　absolute　necessity。　A　regulative　principle　must；

therefore；　have　been　at　the　foundation　of　this　opinion。　In　fact；

extension　and　impenetrability…　which　together　constitute　our

conception　o