§ 215 If laws are to have a binding force； then they must be made universally known。
§ 216 Simple laws are required； but the nature of the material leads to the further determining of
laws ad infinitum。
§ 217 My individual right now becomes embodied in the existent will and knowledge of
everyone。
§ 218 The fact that society has become strong and sure of itself leads to a mitigation of its
punishment。
_____（c） The Court of Justice
§ 219 Law is something on its own account； and something universal； the business of a public
authority。
§ 220 No act of revenge is justified。
§ 221 A member of civil society must acknowledge the jurisdiction of the court and accept its
decision as final。
§ 222 In court the specific character which rightness acquires is that it must be demonstrable。
§ 223 The long course of formalities is a right of the parties at law。
§ 224 The publicity of judicial proceedings。
§ 225 Whether a trespass has been committed and if so by whom； and the restoration of right。
§ 226 The judge。
§ 227 Judgment on the facts lies in the last resort with subjective conviction and conscience。
§ 228 The confidence which the parties feel in the judge is based on the similarity between their
social position。
§ 229 The actualisation of the unity of the implicit universal with the subjective particular。
___C。 The Police & the Public Authority
§ 230 The safety of person and property and every person's livelihood and welfare must be
actualised as a right。
_____（a） Police or Public Authority
§ 231 The universal authority by which security is ensured is an external organisation。
§ 232 Private actions may escape the agent's control and may injure others and wrong them。
§ 233 The actions of individuals may be wrongful； and this is the ultimate reason for police &
penal justice。
§ 234 There is no inherent line of distinction between what is and what is not injurious。
§ 235 Activities and organisations of general utility call for the oversight of the public authority。
§ 236 The differing interests of producers and consumers may come into collision and requires
control。
§ 237 While the possibility of sharing in the general wealth is open to individuals it is subject to
contingencies。
§ 238 Civil society tears the individual from his family ties。
§ 239 Civil society has the right and duty of superintending and influencing education。
§ 240 Society has the duty of acting as trustee to those whose extravagance destroys their
subsistence or their families'。
§ 241 The public authority takes the place of the family where the poor are concerned。
§ 242 Society struggles to make charity less necessary； by discovering the causes of penury and
means of its relief。
§ 243 The amassing of wealth and the dependence and distress of the class tied to work。
§ 244 When the standard of living falls below a subsistence level； the result is the creation of a
rabble of paupers。
§ 245 Wealth & Poverty。
§ 246 The inner dialectic of civil society drives it to push beyond its own limits and seek markets
in other lands。
§ 247 Trade by sea is the most potent instrument of culture。
§ 248 This far…flung connecting link affords the means for the colonising activity。
§ 249 Ethical principles circle back and。 appear in civil society and constitute the specific
character of the Corporation。
_____（b） The Corporation
§ 250 The business class is concentrated on the particular； and hence the Corporations are
specially appropriate。
§ 251 A member of civil society is in virtue of his own particular skill a member of a
Corporation；。
§ 252 The Corporation comes on to the scene like a second family。
§ 253 The Corporation member commands the respect due to one in his social position。
§ 254 The right of exercising one's skill is made rational in the Corporation。。
§ 255 As the family was the first； so the Corporation is the second ethical root of the state。
§ 256 The Public Authority and the Corporation find their truth in the absolutely universal end and
its absolute actuality。
III： The State
§ 257 The state is the actuality of the ethical Idea。
§ 258 The state is absolutely rational once the particular has been raised to consciousness of its
universality。
§ 259 Constitutional Law； International Law & World…History。
___A： Constitutional Law
§ 260 The state is the actuality of concrete freedom。
§ 261 The strength of the state is lies in the unity of its universal end with the particular interest of
individual。
§ 262 The function assigned to any individual is mediated by circumstances； caprice and personal
choice of station in life。
§ 263 In particularity and individuality； mind glimmers in them as the power of reason in necessity。
§ 264 Mind is the nature of human beings en masse。
§ 265 Social institutions and the Corporations are the pillars of public freedom。
§ 266 Necessity appears to itself in the shape of freedom。
§ 267 This necessity in ideality is the strictly political state and its constitution。
§ 268 The political sentiment is simply a product of the institutions subsisting in the state。
§ 269 The patriotic sentiment acquires its specifically determined content from members of the
organism of the state。
§ 270 （1） Conservation of particular interests （2） The Powers of the State & （3） its universality。
§ 271 The Internal Constitution & Foreign Relations of a State。
_____Internal constitution
§ 272 The constitution is rational in so far as the state acts in accordance with the nature of the
concept。
§ 273 The Legislature； the Executive & the Crown。
§ 274 The constitution of any given nation depends in general on the character and development
of its self…consciousness。
_____（a） The Crown
§ 275 （1） The universality of the constitution and laws； counsel； and the moment of ultimate
decision。
§ 276 ＇a＇ The particular powers and their activities are dissolved and yet retained。
§ 277 ＇b＇ The functions and powers of the state cannot be private property。
§ 278 ＇c＇ Sovereignty requires that the powers of the state have their roots in the unity of the
state as their single self。
§ 279 （2） The truth of subjectivity is attained only in a subject； and the truth of personality only in
a person。
§ 280 （3） The monarch is raised to the dignity of monarchy in an immediate； natural； fashion
through his birth。
§ 281 Something against which caprice is powerless； the 'majesty' of the monarch。
§ 282 The right to pardon criminals arises from the sovereignty of the monarch。
§ 283 The choice and dismissal of the supreme council rest with the monarch and his unrestricted
caprice。
§ 284 The monarch is above all answerability for acts of government。
§ 285 Universality subsists subjectively in the conscience of the monarch and objectively in the
constitution and laws。
§ 286 In the rational organism of the state； each member； by maintaining itself in its own position。
_____（b） The Executive
§ 287 The task of subsuming the particular under the universal lies in the executive power； the
judiciary and the police。
§ 288 Corporations； &c。； will be appointed by a mixture of popular election and ratification by
higher authority。
§ 289 （a） the executive civil servants； and （b） the higher advisory officials。
§ 290 Division of labour in the business of the executive。
§ 291 The objective factor in the appointment of officials is knowledge and proof of ability。
§ 292 Since the qualification for the civil service is not genius； there is an indefinite plurality of
eligible candidates。
§ 293 While the actions of the officials are their duty； their office is also a right exempt from
contingency。
§ 294 Once an individual has been appointed by the sovereign's act； his tenure is conditional on
his fulfilling its duties。
§ 295 Security against misuse of power by officials lies in their hierarchical accountability； & the
authority of the Corporations。
§ 296 Officials gain the habit of adopting universal interests； points of view； and activities。
§ 297 The sovereign works on the middle class at the top； and Corporations work on it at the
bottom。
_____（c） The Legislature
§ 298 The legislature is itself a part of the constitution but the constitution develops with the
further elaboration of laws。
§ 299 ＇a＇ provision by the state for their well…being and happiness； and ＇b＇ the exaction of
services from them。
§ 300 The last moment in the legislature is the Estates。
§ 301 The Estates have the function of bringing public affairs into existence not only implicitly； but
also actually。
§ 302 The Estates stand between the government on one hand and the nation broken up into
particulars on the other。
§ 303 The class of civil servants must have the universal as the end of its essential activity。
§ 304 The Estates still retain the class distinctions already present in the lower spheres of civil life。
§ 305 Members of the agricultural class attain their position by birth； just as the monarch does。
§ 306 The agricultural class is particularly fitted for political position。
§ 307 The right of this section of the agricultural class is based on the natural principle of the
family。
§ 308 The section of the Estates comprises the fluctuating element & can enter politics only
through its deputies。
§ 309 Deputies are elected to deliberate on public affair on the strength of confidence felt in them。
§ 310 The deputy acquires and develops a managerial and political sense； tested by his
experience。
§ 311 Since civil society is the electorate； the deputies should be conversant with its particular
interests。
§ 312 Each class in the Estates contributes something peculiarly its own to the work of
deliberation。
§ 313 The upper and lower houses。
§ 314 The distinctive purpose of the Estates is in their pooled political knowledge。
§ 315 Public opinion reaches thoughts that are true and attains insight into the concept of the state
and its affairs。
§ 316 Public opinion is a standing self…contradiction； the essential is just as directly present as the
inessential。
§ 317 Public opinion has common se