he teeth； and stretch the nostril wide； Hold hard the breath； and bend up every spirit To his full height！ On； on； you noblest English。〃 _Henry V_。； act iii。 sc。 1。
＇7＇ Sir C。 Bell ‘Anatomy of Expression；' p。 95） has some excellent remarks on the expression of rage。
＇8＇ ‘De la Physionomie；' 1865； p。 346。
The lips are sometimes protruded during rage in a manner； the meaning of which I do not understand； unless it depends on our descent from some ape…like animal。 Instances have been observed； not only with Europeans； but with the Australians and Hindoos。 The lips； however； are much more commonly retracted； the grinning or clenched teeth being thus exposed。 This has been noticed by almost every one who has written on expression。＇9＇ The appearance is as if the teeth were uncovered； ready for seizing or tearing an enemy； though there may be no intention of acting in this manner。 Mr。 Dyson Lacy has seen this grinning expression with the Australians； when quarrelling； and so has Gaika with the Kafirs of South America。 Dickens；＇10＇ in speaking of an atrocious murderer who had just been caught； and was surrounded by a furious mob； describes 〃the people as jumping up one behind another； snarling with their teeth； and making at him like wild beasts。〃 Every one who has had much to do with young children must have seen how naturally they take to biting； when in a passion。 It seems as instinctive in them as in young crocodiles； who snap their little jaws as soon as they emerge from the egg。
＇9＇ Sir C。 Bell； ‘Anatomy of Expression；' p。 177。 Gratiolet （De la Phys。 p。 369） says； ‘les dents se decouvrent； et imitent symboliquement l'action de dechirer et de mordre。'I If； instead of using the vague term _symboliquement_； Gratiolet had said that the action was a remnant of a habit acquired during primeval times when our semi…human progenitors fought together with their teeth； like gorillas and orangs at the present day； he would have been more intelligible。 Dr。 Piderit （‘Mimik；' &c。； s。 82） also speaks of the retraction of the upper lip during rage。 In an engraving of one of Hogarth's wonderful pictures； passion is represented in the plainest manner by the open glaring eyes； frowning forehead； and exposed grinning teeth。
＇10＇ ‘Oliver Twist；' vol。 iii。 p。 245。
A grinning expression and the protrusion of the lips appear sometimes to go together。 A close observer says that he has seen many instances of intense hatred （which can hardly be distinguished from rage； more or less suppressed） in Orientals； and once in an elderly English woman。 In all these cases there 〃was a grin； not a scowlthe lips lengthening； the cheeks settling downwards； the eyes half…closed； whilst the brow remained perfectly calm。〃＇11＇
This retraction of the lips and uncovering of the teeth during paroxysms of rage； as if to bite the offender； is so remarkable； considering how seldom the teeth are used by men in fighting； that I inquired from Dr。 J。 Crichton Browne whether the habit was common in the insane whose passions are unbridled。 He informs me that he has repeatedly observed it both with the insane and idiotic； and has given me the following illustrations：
Shortly before receiving my letter； be witnessed an uncontrollable outbreak of anger and delusive jealousy in an insane lady。 At first she vituperated her husband； and whilst doing so foamed at the mouth。 Next she approached close to him with compressed lips； and a virulent set frown。 Then she drew back her lips； especially the corners of the upper lip； and showed her teeth； at the same time aiming a vicious blow at him。 A second case is that of an old soldier； who； when he is requested to conform to the rules of the establishment； gives way to discontent； terminating in fury。 He commonly begins by asking Dr。 Browne whether he is not ashamed to treat him in such a manner。 He then swears and blasphemes； paces tip and down； tosses his arms wildly about； and menaces any one near him。 At last； as his exasperation culminates； he rushes up towards Dr。 Browne with a peculiar sidelong movement； shaking his doubled fist； and threatening destruction。 Then his upper lip may be seen to be raised； especially at the corners； so that his huge canine teeth are exhibited。 He hisses forth his curses through his set teeth； and his whole expression assumes the character of extreme ferocity。 A similar description is applicable to another man； excepting that he generally foams at the mouth and spits； dancing and jumping about in a strange rapid manner； shrieking out his maledictions in a shrill falsetto voice。
＇11＇ ‘The Spectator；' July 11； 1868； p。 810。
Dr。 Browne also informs me of the case of an epileptic idiot； incapable of independent movements； and who spends the whole day in playing with some toys； but his temper is morose and easily roused into fierceness。 When any one touches his toys； he slowly raises his head from its habitual downward position； and fixes his eyes on the offender； with a tardy yet angry scowl。 If the annoyance be repeated； he draws back his thick lips and reveals a prominent row of hideous fangs （large canines being especially noticeable）； and then makes a quick and cruel clutch with his open hand at the offending person。 The rapidity of this clutch； as Dr。 Browne remarks； is marvellous in a being ordinarily so torpid that he takes about fifteen seconds； when attracted by any noise； to turn his head from one side to the other。 If； when thus incensed； a handkerchief； book； or other article； be placed into his hands； he drags it to his mouth and bites it。 Mr。 Nicol has likewise described to me two cases of insane patients； whose lips are retracted during paroxysms of rage。
Dr。 Maudsley； after detailing various strange animal…like traits in idiots； asks whether these are not due to the reappearance of primitive instincts〃a faint echo from a far…distant past； testifying to a kinship which man has almost outgrown。〃 He adds； that as every human brain passes； in the course of its development； through the same stages as those occurring in the lower vertebrate animals； and as the brain of an idiot is in an arrested condition； we may presume that it 〃will manifest its most primitive functions； and no higher functions。〃 Dr。 Maudsley thinks that the same view may be extended to the brain in its degenerated condition in some insane patients； and asks； whence come 〃the savage snarl； the destructive disposition； the obscene language； the wild howl； the offensive habits； displayed by some of the insane？ Why should a human being； deprived of his reason； ever become so brutal in character； as some do； unless he has the brute nature within him？〃＇12＇ This question must； as it would appear； he answered in the affirmative。
_Anger； Indignation_。These states of the mind differ from rage only in degree； and there is no marked distinction in their characteristic signs。 Under moderate anger the action of the heart is a little increased； the colour heightened； and the eyes become bright。 The respiration is likewise a little hurried； and as all the muscles serving for this function act in association； the wings of the nostrils are somewhat raised to allow of a free indraught of air； and this is a highly characteristic sign of indignation。 The mouth is commonly compressed； and there is almost always a frown on the brow。 Instead of the frantic gestures of extreme rage； an indignant man unconsciously throws himself into an attitude ready for attacking or striking his enemy； whom he will perhaps scan from head to foot in defiance。 He carries his head erect； with his chest well expanded； and the feet planted firmly on the ground。 He holds his arms in various positions； with one or both elbows squared； or with the arms rigidly suspended by his sides。 With Europeans the fists are commonly clenched。＇13＇ The figures 1 and 2 in Plate VI。 are fairly good representations of men simulating indignation。 Any one may see in a mirror； if he will vividly imagine that he has been insulted and demands an explanation in an angry tone of voice； that he suddenly and unconsciously throws himself into some such attitude。
＇12＇ ‘Body and Mind；' 1870； pp。 51…53。
Rage； anger； and indignation are exhibited in nearly the same manner throughout the world； and the following descriptions may be worth giving as evidence of this； and as illustrations of some of the foregoing remarks。 There is； however； an exception with respect to clenching the fists； which seems confined chiefly to the men who fight with their fists。 With the Australians only one of my informants has seen the fists clenched。 All agree about the body being held erect； and all； with two exceptions； state that the brows are heavily contracted。 Some of them allude to the firmly…compressed mouth； the distended nostrils； and flashing eyes。 According to the Rev。 Mr。 Taplin； rage； with the Australians； is expressed by the lips being protruded； the eyes being widely open； and in the case of the women by their dancing about and casting dust into the air。 Another observer speaks of the native men； when enraged； throwing their arms wildly about。
＇13＇ Le Brun； in his well…known ‘Conference sur l'Expression' （‘La Physionomie； par Lavater；' edit。 of 1820； vol。 lx。 p。 268）； remarks that anger is expressed by the clenching of the fists。 See； to the same effect； Huschke； ‘Mimices et Physiognomices； Fragmentum Physiologicum；' 1824； p。 20。 Also Sir C。 Bell； ‘Anatomy of Expression；' p。 219。
I have received similar accounts； except as to the clenching of the fists； in regard to the Malays of the Malacca peninsula； the Abyssinians； and the natives of South Africa。 So it is with the Dakota Indians of North America； and； according to Mr。 Matthews； they then hold their heads erect； frown； and often stalk away with long strides。 Mr。 Bridges states that the Fuegians； when enraged； frequently stamp on the ground； walk distractedly about； sometimes cry and grow pale。 The Rev。 Mr。 Stack watched a New Zealand man and woman quarrelling； and made the following entry in his note…book： 〃Eyes dilated； body swayed violently backwards and forwards； head inclined forwards； fists clenched； now thrown behind the body； now directed towards each other's faces。〃 Mr。 Swinho