Religion of those times being more operose； and fuller of work then now； by reason of Confessions； Holydayes； Offices； etc。 more in those dayes then now； （the great work n these dayes being a compendious teaching above a thousand at once without much particular Confession and Catechising； or trouble about the Dead； it seems clear； tha the Clergy now if far richer then heretofore； and that to be a Clergy…man then was a kinde of a Mortification； whereas now （praised be God） 'tis matter of splendour and magnificence； unless any will say； that there were golden Priests when the Chalices were wood； and but wooden Priests when the Chalices were gold； or that Religion best flourisheth when the Priests are most mortified； as was before said of the Law； which best flourisheth when Lawyers have least to do。 9。 But what ever the increase of the Churches Goods are； I grudge it them not； onely wish that they would take a course to enjoy it with safety and peace to themselves； whereof one is； not to breed more Churchmen then the Benefices as they now stand shred out； will receive； that is to say； if there be places but for about twelve thousand in England and Wales； it will not be safe to breed up 24000。 Ministers； upon a view； or conceipt that the Church means otherwise distributed might suffice them all； for then the twelve thousand which are unprovided for； will seek wayes how to get themselves a livelihood； which they cannot do more easily then by perswading the people； that the twelve thousand Incumbents do poison or starve their souls； and misguide them in their way to Heaven： Which needy men upon a strong temptation will do effectually； we having observed； that Lecturers being such a sord of Supernumerairies； have preached more times in a week； more hours in the day； and with greater vehemence every time； then the Incumbents could afford to do； for Graeculus esuriens in Caelum jusseris； ibit。 Now this vehemence； this pains； this zeal； and this living upon particular donations； makes the people think； that those who act them are withall more Orthodox； nay better assisted from God then the others。 Now let any man judge； whether men reputed to be inspired will not get help to lift themselves into Church…livings； etc。 But these things are too plain from the latest experiences。 10。 Now you will ask； how shall that be done； or how may we know how to adjust our Nursery to our Orchard？ to which I answer； that if there be twelve thousand Church…livings in England； Dignitaries included； then that about four hundred being sent forth per ann。 into the Vineyard； may keep it well served； withou luxuriency； for according to the Mortality…Bill…observation； about that number will dye yearly out of twelve thousand Adult…persons； such as Ministers are as to age；and ought to be as well as to speculative knowledge； as practical experience； both of themselves and others。 11。 But I have digressed； my main scope being to explain the nature of the Tax of Tythes； nevertheless since the end of such explanation is but to perswade men to bear quietly so much Tax as is necessary； and not to kick against the pricks； and since the end of that again； and the end of all else we are to do； is but to preserve the publick Peace； I think I have not been impertinent in inserting this little Advertisement； making so much for the Peace of our Jerusalem。 12。 But to return to Tythes as a Tax or Levy。 I say that in England it is none； whatsoever it might be or seem to be in the first Age of its Institution； nor will the Kings Quit…rents in Ireland； as they are properly none now； seem any in the next Age； when every man will proportion his Expence to the remainder of his own Rent after the King is paid his； for 'tis surprize and the suddenness of the Charge； which a Tax supervenient to a mans other expences and issues makes； that renders it a burthen； and that intollerable to such as will not understand it； making men even to take up Arms to withstand it； that is； leap out of the Frying…pan upon earth into the fire even of hell； which is War； and the calamities thereof。 13。 Now Tythes being no Tax； I speak of it but as the modus or pattern of a Tax； affirming it to be next to one； the most equal and indifferent which can be appointed in order to defray the publick Charge of the whole Nation as well as that of the Church； for hereby is collected a proportion of all the Corn； Cattle； Fish； Fowl； Fruit； Wool； Honey； Wax； Oyl； Hemp； and Flax of the Nation； as a result of the Lands； Art； Labour； and Stock which produce them； onely it is scarce regular in respect of Housing； Cloth； Drinks； Leather； Feathers； and the several Manufactures of them； insomuch； as if the difference of Tythes which the Countrey payes in proportion to the City； where now de novo to be established； I do not see what in likelihood would sooner cause a grand sedition about it。 14。 The payment of an aliquot part to the King out of the same things as now pay Tythes； in specie； would have no inconvenience； because； the Kings Rents would be like the Dividend in Colledges； viz。 higher or lower according to the prices of those Commodities； unless the said inequality in colledges happen by reason of the fewness of particulars； according to the market rates whereof their Rents are paid in money； whereas the whole of all the particulars might well enough ballance each other； a dear or plentiful being but an appellation secundum quid； viz。 with reference as to Corn onely； as the chief food of the multitude； whereas 'tis likely； that the same causes which makes Corn scarce； may make other things in plenty of no less use to the King； as repairing in one thing what he wants in another。 15。 Another inconvenience would be that which was observed in Ireland； when the Ministry were paid by Sallary； and the Tythes in kinde paid to the State； who because they could not actually receive them in specie； let them at farm to the most bidder； in the transaction whereof was much juggling； combination； and collusion； which perhaps might have been remedied； had not that course been used but as a sudden temporary shift； without intention of continuing it。 16。 The third inconvenience is； that abovementioned； viz。 the necessity of another way of Tax； to take in the Manufactures of those Commodities which pay the Tax of Tythes； whereas possibly there is a way of Tax equal in its own nature； and which needs not to be pieced up by any other； so as the Officers about that may have a full employment； and none others wanted； whose wide intervals of leasure shall make them seem Drones； as they are also the Caterpillars of any State。
Chapter 13
Of Several smaller wayes of levying Money
When the people are weary of any one sort of Tax； presently some Projector propounds another； and gets himself audience； by affirming he can propound a way how all the publick charge may be born without the way that is。 As for example； if a Land…tax be the present distasted way； and the people weary of it； then he offers to do the business without such a Land…tax； and propound either a Poll…money； Excize； or the institution of some new Office or Monopoly； and hereby draws some or other to hearken to him； which is readily enough done by those who are not in the places of profit relating to the way of Levies in use； but hope to make themselves Offices in the new Institution。 2。 I shall enumerate a few of the smaller wayes which I have observed in several places of Europe； viz。 First； in some places the State is common Cashier for all or most moneys； as where Banks are； thereby gaining the interest of as much money as is deposited in their hands。 Secondly； Sometimes the State is the common Usurer； as where Loan Banks； and montes pietatis are in use； and might be more copiously and effectively where Registers of Lands are kept。 Thirdly； Sometimes the State is or may be Common Ensurer； either upon the danger onely of Enemies at sea； according to the supposed primitive end of our Customs in England； or else of the casualties of the Enemy； Weather； Sea； and Vessel taken together。 Fourly； Sometimes the State hath the whole sale and benefit of certain Commodities； as of Amber in the Duke of Brandenburghs Countrey； Tobacco formerly in Ireland； Salt in France； etc。 Fifthy； Sometimes the State is common Beggar； as 'tis almost in Holland； where particular Charity seems only to serve for the relief of concealed wants； and to save these wanting from the shame of discovering their poverty； and not so much to relieve any wants that are declared； and already publickly known。 Sixthly； In some places the State is the sole Guardian of Minors； Lunaticks； and Idiots。 Seventhly； In some other Countreys the State sets up and maintains play…houses； and public Entertainments； giving Sallaries to the Actors； but receiving the bulk of the profit to themselves。 Eightly； In some places Houses are ensured fromfire by the State at a small Rent per annum upon each。 Ninthly； In some places Tolls are taken upon passage over Bridges； Causeys； and Ferries built and maintained at the Publick Charge。 Tenthly； In some places men that dye are obliged leave a certain pittance to the publick； the same is practised in other places upon Marriages； and may be in others upon Births。 Eleventhly； In some places strangers expecially Jews； are particularly taxed； which may be good in over…peopled Countreys； though bad in the contrary case。 3。 As for Jews； they may well bear somewhat extraordinary； because they seldom eat and drink with Christians； hold it no disparagement to live frugally； and even sordidly among themselves； by which way alone they become able to under…sell any other Traders； to elude the Excize； which bears but according to mens expences； as also other Duties； by dealing so much in Bills of Exchange； Jewels； and Money； and by practising of several frauds with more impunity then others； for by their being at home every where； and yet no where they become responsible almost for nothing。 4。 Twelfthly； There have been in our times； wayes of levying an aliquot part of mens Estates； as a Fifth； and Twentieth； viz。 of their Estates real and personal； yea of their Offices； Faculties； and imaginary Estates also； in and about