Spring up abounding from within the earth…
Can still ne'er be begotten with their stems
Begrafted into one； but each sole thing
Proceeds according to its proper wont
And all conserve their own distinctions based
In nature's fixed decree。
ORIGINS AND SAVAGE PERIOD OF MANKIND
But mortal man
Was then far hardier in the old champaign；
As well he should be； since a hardier earth
Had him begotten； builded too was he
Of bigger and more solid bones within；
And knit with stalwart sinews through the flesh；
Nor easily seized by either heat or cold；
Or alien food or any ail or irk。
And whilst so many lustrums of the sun
Rolled on across the sky； men led a life
After the roving habit of wild beasts。
Not then were sturdy guiders of curved ploughs；
And none knew then to work the fields with iron；
Or plant young shoots in holes of delved loam；
Or lop with hooked knives from off high trees
The boughs of yester…year。 What sun and rains
To them had given； what earth of own accord
Created then； was boon enough to glad
Their simple hearts。 Mid acorn…laden oaks
Would they refresh their bodies for the nonce；
And the wild berries of the arbute…tree；
Which now thou seest to ripen purple…red
In winter time； the old telluric soil
Would bear then more abundant and more big。
And many coarse foods； too； in long ago
The blooming freshness of the rank young world
Produced； enough for those poor wretches there。
And rivers and springs would summon them of old
To slake the thirst； as now from the great hills
The water's down…rush calls aloud and far
The thirsty generations of the wild。
So； too； they sought the grottos of the Nymphs…
The woodland haunts discovered as they ranged…
From forth of which they knew that gliding rills
With gush and splash abounding laved the rocks；
The dripping rocks； and trickled from above
Over the verdant moss； and here and there
Welled up and burst across the open flats。
As yet they knew not to enkindle fire
Against the cold； nor hairy pelts to use
And clothe their bodies with the spoils of beasts；
But huddled in groves； and mountain…caves； and woods；
And 'mongst the thickets hid their squalid backs；
When driven to flee the lashings of the winds
And the big rains。 Nor could they then regard
The general good； nor did they know to use
In common any customs； any laws：
Whatever of booty fortune unto each
Had proffered； each alone would bear away；
By instinct trained for self to thrive and live。
And Venus in the forests then would link
The lovers' bodies； for the woman yielded
Either from mutual flame； or from the man's
Impetuous fury and insatiate lust；
Or from a bribe… as acorn…nuts； choice pears；
Or the wild berries of the arbute…tree。
And trusting wondrous strength of hands and legs；
They'd chase the forest…wanderers； the beasts；
And many they'd conquer； but some few they fled；
A…skulk into their hiding…places。。。
。 。 。 。 。 。
With the flung stones and with the ponderous heft
Of gnarled branch。 And by the time of night
O'ertaken； they would throw； like bristly boars；
Their wildman's limbs naked upon the earth；
Rolling themselves in leaves and fronded boughs。
Nor would they call with lamentations loud
Around the fields for daylight and the sun；
Quaking and wand'ring in shadows of the night；
But； silent and buried in a sleep； they'd wait
Until the sun with rosy flambeau brought
The glory to the sky。 From childhood wont
Ever to see the dark and day begot
In times alternate； never might they be
Wildered by wild misgiving； lest a night
Eternal should possess the lands； with light
Of sun withdrawn forever。 But their care
Was rather that the clans of savage beasts
Would often make their sleep…time horrible
For those poor wretches； and； from home y…driven；
They'd flee their rocky shelters at approach
Of boar； the spumy…lipped； or lion strong；
And in the midnight yield with terror up
To those fierce guests their beds of out…spread leaves。
And yet in those days not much more than now
Would generations of mortality
Leave the sweet light of fading life behind。
Indeed； in those days here and there a man；
More oftener snatched upon； and gulped by fangs；
Afforded the beasts a food that roared alive；
Echoing through groves and hills and forest…trees；
Even as he viewed his living flesh entombed
Within a living grave； whilst those whom flight
Had saved； with bone and body bitten； shrieked；
Pressing their quivering palms to loathsome sores；
With horrible voices for eternal death…
Until； forlorn of help； and witless what
Might medicine their wounds； the writhing pangs
Took them from life。 But not in those far times
Would one lone day give over unto doom
A soldiery in thousands marching on
Beneath the battle…banners； nor would then
The ramping breakers of the main seas dash
Whole argosies and crews upon the rocks。
But ocean uprisen would often rave in vain；
Without all end or outcome； and give up
Its empty menacings as lightly too；
Nor soft seductions of a serene sea
Could lure by laughing billows any man
Out to disaster： for the science bold
Of ship…sailing lay dark in those far times。
Again； 'twas then that lack of food gave o'er
Men's fainting limbs to dissolution： now
'Tis plenty overwhelms。 Unwary； they
Oft for themselves themselves would then outpour
The poison； now； with nicer art； themselves
They give the drafts to others。
BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION
Afterwards；
When huts they had procured and pelts and fire；
And when the woman； joined unto the man；
Withdrew with him into one dwelling place；
。 。 。 。 。 。
Were known； and when they saw an offspring born
From out themselves； then first the human race
Began to soften。 For 'twas now that fire
Rendered their shivering frames less staunch to bear；
Under the canopy of the sky； the cold；
And Love reduced their shaggy hardiness；
And children； with the prattle and the kiss；
Soon broke the parents' haughty temper down。
Then； too； did neighbours 'gin to league as friends；
Eager to wrong no more or suffer wrong；
And urged for children and the womankind
Mercy； of fathers； whilst with cries and gestures
They stammered hints how meet it was that all
Should have compassion on the weak。 And still；
Though concord not in every wise could then
Begotten be； a good； a goodly part
Kept faith inviolate… or else mankind
Long since had been unutterably cut off；
And propagation never could have brought
The species down the ages。
Lest； perchance；
Concerning these affairs thou ponderest
In silent meditation； let me say
'Twas lightning brought primevally to earth
The fire for mortals； and from thence hath spread
O'er all the lands the flames of heat。 For thus
Even now we see so many objects； touched
By the celestial flames； to flash aglow；
When thunderbolt has dowered them with heat。
Yet also when a many…branched tree；
Beaten by winds； writhes swaying to and fro；
Pressing 'gainst branches of a neighbour tree；
There by the power of mighty rub and rub
Is fire engendered； and at times out…flares
The scorching heat of flame； when boughs do chafe
Against the trunks。 And of these causes； either
May well have given to mortal men the fire。
Next； food to cook and soften in the flame
The sun instructed； since so oft they saw
How objects mellowed； when subdued by warmth
And by the raining blows of fiery beams；
Through all the fields。
And more and more each day
Would men more strong in sense； more wise in heart；
Teach them to change their earlier mode and life
By fire and new devices。 Kings began
Cities to found and citadels to set；
As strongholds and asylums for themselves；
And flocks and fields to portion for each man
After the beauty； strength； and sense of each…
For beauty then imported much； and strength
Had its own rights supreme。 Thereafter； wealth
Discovered was； and gold was brought to light；
Which soon of honour stripped both strong and fair；
For men； however beautiful in form
Or valorous； will follow in the main
The rich man's party。 Yet were man to steer
His life by sounder reasoning； he'd own
Abounding riches； if with mind content
He lived by thrift； for never； as I guess；
Is there a lack of little in the world。
But men wished glory for themselves and power
Even that their fortunes on foundations firm
Might rest forever； and that they themselves；
The opulent； might pass a quiet life…
In vain； in vain； since； in the strife to climb
On to the heights of honour； men do make
Their pathway terrible； and even when once
They reach them； envy like the thunderbolt
At times will smite； O hurling headlong down
To murkiest Tartarus； in scorn； for； lo；
All summits； all regions loftier than the rest；
Smoke； blasted as by envy's thunderbolts；
So better far in quiet to obey；
Than to desire chief mastery of affairs
And ownership of empires。 Be it so；
And let the weary sweat their life…blood out
All to no end； battling in hate along
The narrow path of man's ambition；
Since all their wisdom is from others' lips；
And all they seek is known from what they've heard
And less from what they've thought。 Nor is this folly
Greater to…day； nor greater soon to be；
Than' twas of old。
And therefore kings were slain；
And pristine majesty of golden thrones
And haughty sceptres lay o'erturned in dust；
And crowns； so splendid on the sovereign heads；
Soon bloody under the proletarian feet；
Groaned for their glories gone… for erst o'er…much
Dreaded； thereafter with more greedy zest
Trampled beneath the rabble heel。 Thus things
Down to the vilest lees of brawling mobs
Succumbed； whilst each man sought unto himself
Dominion and supremacy。 So next
Some wiser heads instructed men to found
The magisterial office； and did frame
Codes that they might consent to follow laws。
For humankind； o'er wearied with a life
Fostered by force； was ailing from its feuds；
And so the sooner of its own free will
Yielded to laws and strictest codes。 For since
Each hand made ready in its wrath to take
A vengeance fiercer than by man's fair laws
Is now conceded； men on this account
Loath