lectures on evolution- 第4部分

the　huge　mass　of　rocks　extending　from　the　middle　of　the

Palaeozoic　formations　to　the　uppermost　members　of　the　series；

must　belong　to　the　day　which　is　termed　by　Milton　the　sixth。

But；　further；　it　is　expressly　stated　that　aquatic　animals　took

their　origin　on　the　fifth　day；　and　not　before；　hence；　all

formations　in　which　remains　of　aquatic　animals　can　be　proved　to

exist；　and　which　therefore　testify　that　such　animals　lived　at

the　time　when　these　formations　were　in　course　of　deposition；

must　have　been　deposited　during　or　since　the　period　which　Milton

speaks　of　as　the　fifth　day。　But　there　is　absolutely　no

fossiliferous　formation　in　which　the　remains　of　aquatic　animals

are　absent。　The　oldest　fossils　in　the　Silurian　rocks　are　exuviae

of　marine　animals；　and　if　the　view　which　is　entertained　by

Principal　Dawson　and　Dr。　Carpenter　respecting　the　nature　of　the

Eozoon　be　well…founded；　aquatic　animals　existed　at　a

period　as　far　antecedent　to　the　deposition　of　the　coal　as　the

coal　is　from　us；　inasmuch　as　the　Eozoon　is　met　with　in

those　Laurentian　strata　which　lie　at　the　bottom　of　the　series　of

stratified　rocks。　Hence　it　follows；　plainly　enough；　that　the

whole　series　of　stratified　rocks；　if　they　are　to　be　brought　into

harmony　with　Milton；　must　be　referred　to　the　fifth　and　sixth

days；　and　that　we　cannot　hope　to　find　the　slightest　trace　of　the

products　of　the　earlier　days　in　the　geological　record。　When　we

consider　these　simple　facts；　we　see　how　absolutely　futile　are

the　attempts　that　have　been　made　to　draw　a　parallel　between　the

story　told　by　so　much　of　the　crust　of　the　earth　as　is　known　to

us　and　the　story　which　Milton　tells。　The　whole　series　of

fossiliferous　stratified　rocks　must　be　referred　to　the　last　two

days；　and　neither　the　Carboniferous；　nor　any　other；　formation

can　afford　evidence　of　the　work　of　the　third　day。



Not　only　is　there　this　objection　to　any　attempt　to　establish　a

harmony　between　the　Miltonic　account　and　the　facts　recorded　in

the　fossiliferous　rocks；　but　there　is　a　further　difficulty。

According　to　the　Miltonic　account；　the　order　in　which　animals

should　have　made　their　appearance　in　the　stratified　rocks　would

be　thus：　Fishes；　including　the　great　whales；　and　birds；

after　them；　all　varieties　of　terrestrial　animals　except　birds。

Nothing　could　be　further　from　the　facts　as　we　find　them；　we　know

of　not　the　slightest　evidence　of　the　existence　of　birds　before

the　Jurassic；　or　perhaps　the　Triassic；　formation；

while　terrestrial　animals；　as　we　have　just　seen；　occur　in　the

Carboniferous　rocks。



If　there　were　any　harmony　between　the　Miltonic　account　and　the

circumstantial　evidence；　we　ought　to　have　abundant　evidence　of

the　existence　of　birds　in　the　Carboniferous；　the　Devonian；　and

the　Silurian　rocks。　I　need　hardly　say　that　this　is　not　the　case；

and　that　not　a　trace　of　birds　makes　its　appearance　until　the　far

later　period　which　I　have　mentioned。



And　again；　if　it　be　true　that　all　varieties　of　fishes　and　the

great　whales；　and　the　like；　made　their　appearance　on　the　fifth

day；　we　ought　to　find　the　remains　of　these　animals　in　the　older

rocksin　those　which　were　deposited　before　the　Carboniferous

epoch。　Fishes　we　do　find；　in　considerable　number　and　variety；

but　the　great　whales　are　absent；　and　the　fishes　are　not　such　as

now　live。　Not　one　solitary　species　of　fish　now　in　existence　is

to　be　found　in　the　Devonian　or　Silurian　formations。　Hence　we　are

introduced　afresh　to　the　dilemma　which　I　have　already　placed

before　you：　either　the　animals　which　came　into　existence　on　the

fifth　day　were　not　such　as　those　which　are　found　at　present；　are

not　the　direct　and　immediate　ancestors　of　those　which　now　exist；

in　which　case；　either　fresh　creations　of　which　nothing　is　said；

or　a　process　of　evolution；　must　have　occurred；　or　else　the　whole

story　must　be　given　up；　as　not　only　devoid　of　any　circumstantial

evidence；　but　contrary　to　such　evidence　as　exists。



I　placed　before　you　in　a　few　words；　some　little　time　ago；　a

statement　of　the　sum　and　substance　of　Milton's　hypothesis。

Let　me　now　try　to　state　as　briefly；　the　effect　of　the

circumstantial　evidence　bearing　upon　the　past　history　of　the

earth　which　is　furnished；　without　the　possibility　of　mistake；

with　no　chance　of　error　as　to　its　chief　features；　by　the

stratified　rocks。　What　we　find　is；　that　the　great　series　of

formations　represents　a　period　of　time　of　which　our　human

chronologies　hardly　afford　us　a　unit　of　measure。　I　will　not

pretend　to　say　how　we　ought　to　estimate　this　time；　in　millions

or　in　billions　of　years。　For　my　purpose；　the　determination　of

its　absolute　duration　is　wholly　unessential。　But　that　the　time

was　enormous　there　can　be　no　question。



It　results　from　the　simplest　methods　of　interpretation；　that

leaving　out　of　view　certain　patches　of　metamorphosed　rocks；　and

certain　volcanic　products；　all　that　is　now　dry　land　has　once

been　at　the　bottom　of　the　waters。　It　is　perfectly　certain　that；

at　a　comparatively　recent　period　of　the　world's　historythe

Cretaceous　epochnone　of　the　great　physical　features　which　at

present　mark　the　surface　of　the　globe　existed。　It　is　certain

that　the　Rocky　Mountains　were　not。　It　is　certain　that　the

Himalaya　Mountains　were　not。　It　is　certain　that　the　Alps　and　the

Pyrenees　had　no　existence。　The　evidence　is　of　the　plainest

possible　character　and　is　simply　this：We　find　raised　up　on　the

flanks　of　these　mountains；　elevated　by　the　forces　of　upheaval

which　have　given　rise　to　them；　masses　of　Cretaceous　rock　which

formed　the　bottom　of　the　sea　before　those　mountains　existed。

It　is　therefore　clear　that　the　elevatory　forces　which　gave　rise

to　the　mountains　operated　subsequently　to　the　Cretaceous　epoch；

and　that　the　mountains　themselves　are　largely　made　up　of　the

materials　deposited　in　the　sea　which　once　occupied　their　place。

As　we　go　back　in　time；　we　meet　with　constant　alternations　of　sea

and　land；　of　estuary　and　open　ocean；　and；　in　correspondence　with

these　alternations；　we　observe　the　changes　in　the　fauna　and

flora　to　which　I　have　referred。



But　the　inspection　of　these　changes　gives　us　no　right　to　believe

that　there　has　been　any　discontinuity　in　natural　processes。

There　is　no　trace　of　general　cataclysms；　of　universal　deluges；

or　sudden　destructions　of　a　whole　fauna　or　flora。

The　appearances　which　were　formerly　interpreted　in　that　way　have

all　been　shown　to　be　delusive；　as　our　knowledge　has　increased

and　as　the　blanks　which　formerly　appeared　to　exist　between　the

different　formations　have　been　filled　up。　That　there　is　no

absolute　break　between　formation　and　formation；　that　there　has

been　no　sudden　disappearance　of　all　the　forms　of　life　and

replacement　of　them　by　others；　but　that　changes　have　gone　on

slowly　and　gradually；　that　one　type　has　died　out　and　another　has

taken　its　place；　and　that　thus；　by　insensible　degrees；　one　fauna

has　been　replaced　by　another；　are　conclusions　strengthened　by

constantly　increasing　evidence。　So　that　within　the　whole　of　the

immense　period　indicated　by　the　fossiliferous　stratified　rocks；

there　is　assuredly　not　the　slightest　proof　of　any　break　in　the

uniformity　of　Nature's　operations；　no　indication　that　events

have　followed　other　than　a　clear　and　orderly　sequence。



That；　I　say；　is　the　natural　and　obvious　teaching　of　the

circumstantial　evidence　contained　in　the　stratified　rocks。　I

leave　you　to　consider　how　far；　by　any　ingenuity　of

interpretation；　by　any　stretching　of　the　meaning　of　language；　it

can　be　brought　into　harmony　with　the　Miltonic　hypothesis。



There　remains　the　third　hypothesis；　that　of　which　I　have　spoken

as　the　hypothesis　of　evolution；　and　I　purpose　that；　in　lectures

to　come；　we　should　discuss　it　as　carefully　as　we　have　considered

the　other　two　hypotheses。　I　need　not　say　that　it　is　quite

hopeless　to　look　for　testimonial　evidence　of　evolution。　The　very

nature　of　the　case　precludes　the　possibility　of　such　evidence；

for　the　human　race　can　no　more　be　expected　to　testify　to　its　own

origin；　than　a　child　can　be　tendered　as　a　witness　of　its　own

birth。　Our　sole　inquiry　is；　what　foundation　circumstantial

evidence　lends　to　the　hypothesis；　or　whether　it　lends　none；　or

whether　it　controverts　the　hypothesis。　I　shall　deal　with　the

matter　entirely　as　a　question　of　history。　I　shall　not　indulge　in

the　discussion　of　any　speculative　probabilities。　I　shall　not

attempt　to　show　that　Nature　is　unintelligible　unless　we　adopt

some　such　hypothesis。　For　anything　I　know　about　the　matter；　it

may　be　the　way　of　Nature　to　be　unintelligible；　she　is　often

puzzling；　and　I　have　no　reason　to　suppose　that　she　is　bound　to

fit　herself　to　our　notions。



I　shall　place　before　you　three　kinds　of　evidence　entirely　based

upon　what　is　known　of　the　forms　of　animal　life　which　are

contained　in　the　series　of　stratified　rocks。　I　shall　endeavour

to　show　you　that　there　is　one　kind　of　evidence　which　is　neutral；

which　neither　helps　evolution　nor　is　inconsistent　with　it。

I　shall　then　bring　forward　a　second　kind　of　evidence　which

indicates　a　strong　probability　in　favour　of　evolution；　but　does

not　prove　it；　and；　lastly；　I　shall　adduce　a　third　kind　of

evidence　which；　being　as　complete　as　any　evidence　which　we　can

hope　to　obtain　upon　such　a　subject；　and　being　wholly　and

strikingly　in　favour　of　evolution；　may　fairly　be　called

demonstrative　evidence　of　its　occurrence。







LECTURES　ON　EVOLUTION

II



THE　HYPOTHESIS　OF　EVOLUTION。　THE　NEUTRAL　AND

THE　FAVOURABLE　EVIDENCE。



In　the　preceding　lecture　I　pointed　out　that　there　are　three

hypotheses　which　may　be　entertained；　and　which　have　been

entertained；　respecting　the　past　history　of　life　upon　the　globe。

According　to　the　first　of　these　hypotheses；　living　beings；　such

as　now　exist；　have　existed　from　all　eternity　upon　this　earth。

We　tested　that　hypothesis　by　the　circumstantial　evidence；　as　I

called　it；　which　is　furnished　by　the　fossil　remains　contained　in

the　earth's　c