valonia； which forms an important article of trade； and is largely used
in England by the tanner。 This cup of the acorn of the Quercus aegilops
is extremely rich in tannin； and ranges in price from 20 to 30 pounds
sterling per ton delivered in an English port。 It is exported largely
from the Levant； and there can be little doubt that its introduction to
Cyprus would eventually supply a new source of revenue。
The climate and soil of the Troodos mountains would be highly favourable
to the cork…tree；* which would after thirty or forty years become
extremely valuable。 The box might be introduced from the mountains of
Spain； also the Spanish chestnut； which for building purposes is
invaluable； as not only practically imperishable； but fire…proof。 It is
not generally known that the wood of the Spanish chestnut is so
uninflammable that it requires the aid of other fuel to consume it by
fire； it might be used with great advantage in massive logs for upright
pillars； to support beams of similar wood in warehouses。
（*The cork oak is mentioned in some works on Cyprus as indigenous to the
island； this is a mistake。 The ilex is plentiful； but not the cork…tree。）
Although the walnut cannot be classed with forest…trees indigenous to
Cyprus； it flourishes abundantly at a high elevation； ranging from about
2500 to 5000 feet above the sea。 At Trooditissa monastery there are
trees that were planted by the hands of the old monk； my informant； only
twenty years ago； which are equal in size to a growth of fifty years in
England。 The planting of walnuts should certainly be encouraged； as the
wood is extremely valuable； at the same time that the crop yields an
annual revenue。
The preservation and extension of the woods and forests throughout the
mountainous districts of Cyprus are a simple affair； which only requires
capital and common sense combined with the usual necessary experience。
There are other portions of the island which require a different
treatment。
It is the fashion to accredit every portion of Cyprus as tree…bearing in
its early history； but if the student will compare the large population
reported to have existed at that time with the superficial area of the
island； it will be plainly seen that a very large proportion must have
been under cultivation； otherwise supplies must have been imported。 I
have before mentioned my opinion that the hard bare surface of the
denuded cretaceous hills could never have borne timber； neither do I
believe in the traditions concerning forests in the plain of Messaria；
for the simple reason that it must have been the cereal…producing area
of the island。
The ancient forests must have existed where the vestiges remain to the
present day； in which localities the natural inclination of the soil is
to produce trees； which are still represented； in spite of the hideous
destruction perpetrated by the inhabitants during many centuries。 These
positions include the entire Carpas district； together with the long
range of compact limestone mountains forming the northern wall of the
island； the northern coast and western； comprising the country between
Poli…ton…Khrysokhus； and Baffo； and the central and coast…line from
Baffo to Limasol； with exceptions of lands here and there cultivated
with cereals。 The greater portion of the mountains that are now occupied
with vineyards were originally forests； which have been cleared
specially for the cultivation of the vine。 I have seen ground at an
elevation of 4800 feet where the vineyards originally existed upon
cleared forest soil； which； having been abandoned； is relapsing into its
former state； becoming more or less covered with pines as birds may have
dropped the seeds； or the cones may have been driven from higher
altitudes by wind and rain。
The question that must now be determined is this： 〃What portions of the
island are to be restored to forest？〃 Any person who has carefully
examined the country can reply without hesitation； 〃Plant all useless
lands with trees； those useless lands are already more or less covered
with bush or woods； and denote their own position； in the Carpas； the
Troodos； and all mountain and hill ranges。〃
Where ancient forests have disappeared in favour of cultivation； it
would be folly to convert an improvement into the original wilderness。
That question is easily simplified； and when the department of Woods and
Forests shall be established； a few years of energy will produce a new
picture in a country where the growth of timber proceeds quickly。
But the last necessary reform still remains unnoticed； this should
determine the amount of caroubs； mulberry； and fruit…trees that should
be CUMPULSORILY planted by all proprietors of land in proportion to
their acreage； and this is absolutely necessary。
As I have described in many portions of our journey through Cyprus； the
simple action of an insignificant stream； or of a solitary cattle…wheel；
forms an oasis in the rainless desert of the Messaria； and the eye that
has been wearied with the barren aspect of a treeless surface is
gladdened by the relief of a sudden appearance of groves of oranges；
lemons； and other shady trees； the result of a supply of water。 Whenever
such welcome spots are met with upon the miserable plain； the question
invariably arises； 〃Why should such fruitful and delightful positions be
so rare？ The soil is fertile； the climate is favourable； all that is
required is water； and energy。〃
If a Cypriote is asked the question； he invariably replies 〃that during
the Turkish administration the fruit…trees increased their troubles；
owing to the vexatious and extortionate taxation of the crops； therefore
they were glad to be quit of them altogether。〃 Your question No。 2
follows； 〃Why do you not plant trees now that the English have occupied
the country？〃 The reply is stereotyped； 〃We are not sure that you will
remain here permanently； and if you abandon the island the Turks will
resume the old system with even greater oppression than before。〃 This is
an unanswerable dilemma； which no doubt retards improvements； but there
is a third difficulty which is invariably brought prominently forward
when any suggestions are made for an extension of agricultural
enterprise： 〃We have no money。〃 This is absolutely true； although I have
heard the assertion contested by certain authorities。 The people as a
rule are miserably poor； and cannot afford to run the risks of
experiments； especially during the present uncertainty connected with
the British occupation。
The opinions that I personally offer are based upon the assumption that
England can never recede from the position she has assumed in Cyprus；
which she must continue； for better or for worse； as a point of honour。
Any abandonment of the protection we have afforded to the inhabitants
would tend to aggravate their position； should they return to the
authority of the Porte； and their only hope would lie in the occupation
of our empty bed by France； who certainly requires a coaling depot
towards the east of the Mediterranean。 Should we wash our hands of
Cyprus； and evacuate it in a similar manner to Corfu； we should become
the laughing…stock of Europe； and no future step taken by England in the
form of a 〃protectorate〃 would ever be relied upon。 Had we retained
Corfu to the present moment； no doubt would have existed as to any
change in our intentions respecting Cyprus； but the precedent
established by our retirement from that grand strategical position has
borne its fruit in the want of confidence now felt by all classes in the
permanence of our new acquisition。
It will be admitted that a general want of elasticity has succeeded to
the first bound of expectation that was raised by the sudden
announcement of a British occupation； the government cannot be held
responsible for the disappointment of rash adventurers； but their true
responsibility commenced when they assumed the charge of the inhabitants
of Cyprus。 The first year of the new administration has been marked by a
minimum rainfall that has caused the destruction of all crops dependent
upon the natural water…supply of seasons； and this partial famine of the
first year of our occupation is generally regarded as a disaster。
Although disastrous； I believe the serious warning will operate with
wholesome effect； by opening the eyes of the authorities to the absolute
necessity of directing special attention to the requirements of the
people； who after centuries of oppression have become apathetic and
inert； which unfits them for the spontaneous action that should be
exerted against the dangerous exigencies of their climate。 The
government of Cyprus must be to a certain extent paternal； and the
planting of trees that will eventually benefit not only individuals； but
the island generally； and ultimately the revenue； should be made
compulsory； in proportion to the area of the various holdings； due
assistance being accorded to the proprietors by way of loans。
The eucalyptus is suitable for many localities in the lowlands of
Larnaca and Famagousta； and it might be profitably introduced throughout
such swampy soils as the neighbourhood of Morphu and other similar
positions with good sanitary results； but such trees will represent the
woods and forests of the low country without a productive income to the
population； whereas by an enforced cultivation of fruit…trees upon every
holding the island would in a few years become a garden； and the
exportation of fruit to Egypt； only thirty hours' distant； would be the
commencement of an important trade； alike beneficial to the individual
proprietors and to the island generally。
At the present time； and for many years past； Alexandria has been
supplied with all fruits from Jaffa； Beyrout； and various ports on the
coast of Syria； but there is no reason why Cyprus should not eventually
monopolise the trade； if special attention shall be bestowed （by the
suggested department of Woods and Forests） upon the qualities and
cultivation whenever an arrangement for an extension of planting shall
be carried out。 I have never seen any fruits of high quality in Cyprus；
but they are generally most inferior； owing to th