DISCOVERING¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡
PROGRAM¡¡21£º¡¡PSYCHOPATHOLOGY¡¡
Overview¡¡
The¡¡major¡¡types¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡illness£»¡¡including¡¡schizophrenia£»¡¡anxiety£»¡¡and¡¡affective¡¡and¡¡bipolar¡¡
disorders£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡major¡¡factors¡¡that¡¡influence¡¡them£»¡¡both¡¡biological¡¡and¡¡psychological¡£¡¡
Key¡¡Issues¡¡
Mistreatment¡¡of¡¡mentally¡¡ill¡¡patients¡¡in¡¡psychiatric¡¡hospitals£»¡¡biological¡¡versus¡¡psychological¡¡
study¡¡of¡¡schizophrenia£»¡¡the¡¡role¡¡of¡¡genetics¡¡in¡¡mental¡¡disorders£»¡¡genetic¡¡study¡¡of¡¡
schizophrenic¡¡and¡¡healthy¡¡twins£»¡¡SPECT¡¡analysis£»¡¡and¡¡cultural¡¡factors¡¡in¡¡psychopathology¡£¡¡
Interviews¡¡
David¡¡Rosenhan¡¡details¡¡his¡¡dehumanizing¡¡treatment¡¡at¡¡a¡¡psychiatric¡¡hospital¡¡after¡¡he¡¡was¡¡
admitted¡¡as¡¡a¡¡patient¡¡during¡¡an¡¡experiment¡¡on¡¡the¡¡perception¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡illness¡£¡¡
Fuller¡¡Torrey¡¡pares¡¡schizophrenia¡¡to¡¡other¡¡biological¡¡diseases¡£¡¡
Psychologist¡¡Hans¡¡Strupp¡¡examines¡¡the¡¡role¡¡of¡¡early¡¡childhood¡¡behavior¡¡in¡¡the¡¡development¡¡
of¡¡schizophrenia¡£¡¡
Irving¡¡Gottesman¡¡and¡¡Torrey¡¡Fuller¡¡examine¡¡the¡¡biological¡¡and¡¡genetic¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡
schizophrenia¡¡though¡¡NM¡¡and¡¡SPECT¡¡analysis¡£¡¡
Native¡¡American¡¡psychologist¡¡Teresa¡¡LaFramboise¡¡examines¡¡the¡¡psychological¡¡consequences¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡clash¡¡between¡¡Native¡¡American¡¡and¡¡generic¡¡American¡¡cultures¡£¡¡
PROGRAM¡¡22£º¡¡PSYCHOTHERAPY¡¡
Overview¡¡
The¡¡relationship¡¡among¡¡theory£»¡¡research£»¡¡and¡¡practice£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡treatment¡¡of¡¡psychological¡¡
disorders¡¡has¡¡been¡¡influenced¡¡by¡¡historical£»¡¡cultural£»¡¡and¡¡social¡¡forces¡£¡¡
Key¡¡Issues¡¡
Psychosurgery£»¡¡electroconvulsive¡¡therapy£»¡¡drug¡¡therapy£»¡¡genetic¡¡counseling£»¡¡psychodynamic¡¡
therapy£»¡¡rational¡¡emotive¡¡therapy£»¡¡behavioral¡¡modification¡¡therapy£»¡¡humanistic¡¡therapy¡£¡¡
314¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡15£º¡¡PSYCHOLOGICAL¡¡DISORDERS¡¡
Archival¡¡Demonstrations¡¡
A¡¡therapist¡¡uses¡¡fear¡¡reduction¡¡strategy¡¡to¡¡help¡¡a¡¡young¡¡boy¡¡overe¡¡his¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡dentists¡£¡¡
Another¡¡therapist¡¡trains¡¡a¡¡young¡¡girl¡¡to¡¡control¡¡her¡¡epileptic¡¡seizures¡£¡¡
Actual¡¡therapy¡¡session¡¡with¡¡a¡¡girl¡¡who¡¡fears¡¡dating¡£¡¡
Interviews¡¡
Hans¡¡Strupp¡¡explains¡¡the¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡patients¡¡most¡¡suited¡¡for¡¡psychodynamic¡¡therapy¡£¡¡£¨10£º30£©¡¡
Enrico¡¡Jones¡¡explains¡¡his¡¡problems¡¡in¡¡selecting¡¡the¡¡most¡¡effective¡¡therapy¡¡for¡¡various¡¡people¡¡
and¡¡their¡¡various¡¡disorders¡£¡¡
Cognitive¡¡therapist¡¡Albert¡¡Ellis¡¡explains¡¡how¡¡to¡¡treat¡¡patients¡¯¡¡irrational¡¡attributes£»¡¡false¡¡
beliefs£»¡¡and¡¡expectations¡¡of¡¡failure¡¡through¡¡rational¡¡emotive¡¡therapy¡£¡¡
Humanistic¡¡therapist¡¡Rollo¡¡May¡¡discusses¡¡therapy¡¡for¡¡¡°normal¡±¡¡people¡¡seeking¡¡greater¡¡
fulfillment¡£¡¡
FILMS¡¡AND¡¡VIDEOS¡¡
Depression£º¡¡The¡¡Dark¡¡Side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Blues¡¡£¨1986£©¡£¡¡BARR£»¡¡25¡¡minutes¡¡
Offers¡¡an¡¡illuminating¡¡perspective¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation¡¯s¡¡number¡¡one¡¡mental¡¡health¡¡problem¡£¡¡Clinical¡¡
depression¡¡is¡¡a¡¡life¡threatening¡¡disease¡¡that¡¡affects¡¡persons¡¡from¡¡all¡¡occupations¡£¡¡People¡¡who¡¡are¡¡
seriously¡¡depressed¡¡are¡¡profiled£»¡¡and¡¡mentary¡¡reveals¡¡probable¡¡causes¡¡and¡¡available¡¡
treatments¡£¡¡Symptoms¡¡and¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡depression¡¡are¡¡detailed¡¡and¡¡hope£»¡¡through¡¡early¡¡recognition¡¡
treatment£»¡¡is¡¡offered¡£¡¡
Dreams¡¡So¡¡Real£º¡¡Three¡¡Men¡¯s¡¡Stories¡¡£¨1981£©¡£¡¡IFMIJ£»¡¡28¡¡minutes¡¡
bines¡¡the¡¡words¡¡and¡¡animated¡¡films¡¡made¡¡by¡¡three¡¡outpatients¡¡from¡¡a¡¡munity¡¡mental¡¡
health¡¡center¡£¡¡Struggling¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡transition¡¡back¡¡into¡¡the¡¡munity£»¡¡these¡¡men¡¡are¡¡striking¡¡in¡¡
their¡¡nonconformity¡¡to¡¡the¡¡stereotypes¡¡expected¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡health¡¡patients¡£¡¡A¡¡great¡¡film¡¡for¡¡
sensitizing¡¡students¡¡to¡¡the¡¡needs¡¡and¡¡pain¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡health¡¡patients¡£¡¡
The¡¡Mind¡¡Depression¡¡£¨1988£©¡£¡¡NCAIARR£»¡¡24¡¡minutes¡¡
Profiles¡¡people¡¡with¡¡bipolar¡¡disorders£»¡¡showing¡¡the¡¡grandiose¡¡delusions¡¡that¡¡often¡¡acpany¡¡
the¡¡manic¡¡phase¡£¡¡Contrasts¡¡the¡¡normal¡¡cycle¡¡of¡¡emotions¡¡with¡¡the¡¡unpredictable¡¡swings¡¡of¡¡bipolar¡¡
disorders¡£¡¡Interviews¡¡one¡¡family¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡grandmother£»¡¡father£»¡¡and¡¡several¡¡children¡¡all¡¡suffer¡¡
from¡¡depression£»¡¡speculates¡¡that¡¡their¡¡depression¡¡is¡¡biologically¡¡caused£»¡¡and¡¡depicts¡¡the¡¡
suspected¡¡genetic¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡bipolar¡¡disorders¡£¡¡Focuses¡¡on¡¡people¡¡who¡¡perform¡¡well¡¡with¡¡the¡¡help¡¡
of¡¡antidepressant¡¡drugs£»¡¡including¡¡one¡¡young¡¡M¡£D¡£¡¡Describes¡¡the¡¡benefits¡¡of¡¡talking¡¡therapy¡¡in¡¡
conjunction¡¡with¡¡drug¡¡therapy¡£¡¡
The¡¡Mind¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Serial¡¡Killer¡¡£¨1993£©¡£¡¡FFHS£»¡¡60¡¡minutes¡¡
This¡¡program¡¡goes¡¡behind¡¡the¡¡scenes¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡real¡¡story¡¡behind¡¡the¡¡FBI¡¡unit¡¡popularized¡¡in¡¡The¡¡
Silence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lambs¡£¡¡Using¡¡a¡¡detailed¡¡psychological¡¡profile£»¡¡the¡¡unit¡¡helps¡¡the¡¡Rochester£»¡¡New¡¡
York£»¡¡police¡¡department¡¡catch¡¡a¡¡notorious¡¡serial¡¡killer¡¡that¡¡targeted¡¡prostitutes¡£¡¡This¡¡NOVA¡¡
program¡¡is¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡WGBH¡¡collection¡£¡¡
Neurotic¡¡Behavior£º¡¡A¡¡Psychodynamic¡¡View¡¡£¨1973£©¡£¡¡CRW£»¡¡19¡¡minutes¡¡
Illustrates¡¡the¡¡neurotic¡¡behavior¡¡and¡¡classical¡¡defense¡¡mechanisms¡¡of¡¡Peter£»¡¡a¡¡college¡¡student¡£¡¡A¡¡
psychodynamic¡¡approach¡¡to¡¡behavior¡¡is¡¡used¡¡to¡¡analyze¡¡Peter¡¯s¡¡life¡¡as¡¡he¡¡experiences¡¡anxiety£»¡¡
315¡¡
PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡
repression£»¡¡rationalization£»¡¡displacement£»¡¡and¡¡finally¡¡phobias¡¡and¡¡obsessive¡pulsive¡¡neurosis¡¡
in¡¡reaction¡¡to¡¡the¡¡psychological¡¡trauma¡¡induced¡¡by¡¡his¡¡mother¡¡during¡¡early¡¡training¡£¡¡Although¡¡
the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡term¡¡¡°neurosis¡±¡¡is¡¡outdated¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡DSM¡IV£»¡¡the¡¡film¡¡provides¡¡clear¡¡
examples¡¡of¡¡phobic¡¡and¡¡obsessive¡pulsive¡¡disorders¡£¡¡
One¡¡Man¡¯s¡¡Madness¡¡£¨1974£©¡£¡¡IUTFF£»¡¡32¡¡minutes¡¡
Documentary¡¡of¡¡a¡¡writer¡¡who¡¡became¡¡a¡¡bipolar¡¡depressive¡¡£¨bipolar¡¡depression¡¡was¡¡previously¡¡
referred¡¡to¡¡as¡¡manic¡depression£©¡£¡¡Swinging¡¡in¡¡mood¡¡from¡¡ecstasy¡¡to¡¡severe¡¡depression£»¡¡his¡¡
symptoms¡¡of¡¡alienation¡¡and¡¡withdrawal¡¡are¡¡shown¡¡both¡¡at¡¡home¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hospital¡¡setting¡£¡¡
The¡¡Scandal¡¡of¡¡Psychiatric¡¡Hospitals£º¡¡When¡¡the¡¡Goal¡¡Is¡¡Insurance¡¡Reimbursement¡¡£¨1993£©¡£¡¡
FFHS£»¡¡52¡¡minutes¡¡
At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡that¡¡mentally¡¡ill¡¡patients¡¡are¡¡being¡¡discharged¡¡into¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡because¡¡their¡¡
insurance¡¡benefits¡¡have¡¡expired£»¡¡healthy¡¡Americans¡¡are¡¡being¡¡locked¡¡up¡¡in¡¡mental¡¡hospitals¡¡
while¡¡the¡¡hospital¡¡draws¡¡their¡¡insurance¡£¡¡This¡¡shocking¡¡program¡¡reveals¡¡some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡abuses¡£¡¡It¡¡
shows¡¡how¡¡one¡¡group¡¡of¡¡hospitals¡¡herded¡¡up¡¡patients¡¡and£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡cynical¡¡and¡¡sadistic¡¡way£»¡¡held¡¡
healthy¡¡Americans¡¡hostage£»¡¡it¡¡also¡¡shows¡¡how¡¡bona¡¡fide¡¡psychiatrists¡¡are¡¡tempted¡¡or¡¡duped£»¡¡and¡¡
how¡¡outnumbered¡¡and¡¡outgunned¡¡law¡¡enforcement¡¡agencies¡¡are¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡restore¡¡psychiatry¡¡to¡¡
its¡¡role¡¡as¡¡a¡¡healing¡¡profession£»¡¡not¡¡a¡¡get¡rich¡quick¡¡business¡£¡¡
Teenage¡¡Suicide£º¡¡The¡¡Ultimate¡¡Dropout¡¡£¨1980£©¡£¡¡PBS£»¡¡29¡¡minutes¡¡
A¡¡14¡year¡old¡¡girl¡¡who¡¡attempted¡¡suicide¡¡discusses¡¡her¡¡feelings¡¡of¡¡frustration¡¡and¡¡helplessness¡£¡¡
Advice¡¡is¡¡given¡¡for¡¡families¡¡with¡¡problems¡¡involving¡¡suicide¡£¡¡
The¡¡World¡¡of¡¡Abnormal¡¡Psychology¡¡£¨1991£©¡£¡¡Intellimation£»¡¡60¡¡minutes¡¡
A¡¡series¡¡built¡¡around¡¡documentary¡¡views¡¡of¡¡people¡¡experiencing¡¡a¡¡variety¡¡of¡¡behavioral¡¡
disorders¡£¡¡Case¡¡histories¡¡are¡¡acpanied¡¡by¡¡mentaries¡¡from¡¡educators£»¡¡clinicians£»¡¡and¡¡
researchers¡¡who¡¡highlight¡¡and¡¡help¡¡interpret¡¡what¡¡students¡¡see¡£¡¡Programs¡¡include£º¡¡
1¡£¡¡Looking¡¡at¡¡abnormal¡¡behavior¡¡
2¡£¡¡The¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡stress¡¡
3¡£¡¡The¡¡anxiety¡¡disorders¡¡
4¡£¡¡Psychological¡¡factors¡¡and¡¡physical¡¡illness¡¡
5¡£¡¡Personality¡¡disorders¡¡
6¡£¡¡Substance¡¡abuse¡¡disorders¡¡
7¡£¡¡Sexual¡¡disorders¡¡
8¡£¡¡Mood¡¡disorders¡¡
9¡£¡¡The¡¡schizophrenias¡¡
10¡£¡¡Organic¡¡mental¡¡disorders¡¡
11¡£¡¡Behavior¡¡disorders¡¡of¡¡children¡¡
12¡£¡¡Psychotherapies¡¡
13¡£¡¡An¡¡ounce¡¡of¡¡prevention¡¡
316¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡16¡¡
Therapies¡¡for¡¡Personal¡¡Change¡¡
LEARNING¡¡OBJECTIVES¡¡
On¡¡pletion¡¡of¡¡this¡¡chapter£»¡¡students¡¡should¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to£º¡¡
1¡£¡¡Identify¡¡the¡¡overall¡¡goals¡¡of¡¡therapeutic¡¡interventions¡¡
2¡£¡¡Explain¡¡how¡¡modern¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡therapy¡¡developed¡¡
3¡£¡¡Discuss¡¡the¡¡differences¡¡in¡¡types¡¡of¡¡therapists¡¡
4¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡historical¡¡and¡¡cultural¡¡aspects¡¡of¡¡treatment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mentally¡¡ill¡¡
5¡£¡¡Discuss¡¡the¡¡differences¡¡in¡¡the¡¡major¡¡theoretical¡¡models¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡illness¡¡
6¡£¡¡Explain¡¡what¡¡happens¡¡when¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡receives¡¡therapy¡¡
7¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡differences¡¡and¡¡advantages¡¡in¡¡drug¡¡and¡¡psychotherapy¡¡treatments¡¡
8¡£¡¡ment¡¡on¡¡the¡¡general¡¡effectiveness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡different¡¡types¡¡of¡¡treatment¡¡for¡¡mental¡¡
illness¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡OUTLINE¡¡
I¡£¡¡The¡¡Therapeutic¡¡Context¡¡
A¡£¡¡Goals¡¡and¡¡Major¡¡Therapies¡¡
1¡£¡¡The¡¡Therapeutic¡¡Process¡¡Involves¡¡Four¡¡Primary¡¡Goals£º¡¡
a£©¡¡Reaching¡¡a¡¡diagnosis¡¡and¡¡classifying¡¡the¡¡disorder¡¡
b£©¡¡Proposing¡¡a¡¡probable¡¡etiology¡¡
c£©¡¡Making¡¡a¡¡prognosis¡¡
d£©¡¡Prescribing¡¡and¡¡carrying¡¡out¡¡some¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡treatment¡¡
2¡£¡¡Major¡¡Therapeutic¡¡Models¡¡
a£©¡¡Biomedical¡¡therapies¡¡attempt¡¡alteration¡¡of¡¡brain¡¡functioning¡¡
through¡¡chemical¡¡or¡¡physical¡¡interventions¡¡
b£©¡¡Psychotherapy¡¡focuses¡¡on¡¡changing¡¡learned£»¡¡maladaptive¡¡
behaviors¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡four¡¡major¡¡types¡¡of¡¡psychotherapy¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Psychodynamic¡¡approach¡¡views¡¡neurotic¡¡suffering¡¡as¡¡
the¡¡outer¡¡symptom¡¡of¡¡inner£»¡¡unresolved¡¡trauma¡¡and¡¡
conflict¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Behavior¡¡therapy¡¡treats¡¡the¡¡behaviors¡¡themselves¡¡as¡¡
disturbances¡¡that¡¡must¡¡be¡¡modified¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Cognitive¡¡therapy¡¡attempts¡¡restructuring¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
individual¡¯s¡¡thoughts¡¡away¡¡from¡¡distorted¡¡self¡
thoughts¡¡
316¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡16£º¡¡THERAPIES¡¡FOR¡¡PERSONAL¡¡CHANGE¡¡
£¨iv£©¡¡Existential¡humanistic¡¡therapies¡¡emphasize¡¡
patient/client¡¡values£»¡¡directing¡¡energies¡¡toward¡¡self¡
actualization¡¡
B¡£¡¡Therapists¡¡and¡¡Therapeutic¡¡Settings¡¡
1¡£¡¡Counseling¡¡psychologists¡¡provide¡¡guidance¡¡in¡¡areas¡¡such¡¡as¡¡vocation¡¡
selection£»¡¡school¡¡problems£»¡¡drug¡¡abuse£»¡¡and¡¡marital¡¡conflict¡¡
2¡£¡¡Clinical¡¡social¡¡workers¡¡are¡¡mental¡¡health¡¡professionals¡¡who¡¡consider¡¡
the¡¡social¡¡contexts¡¡of¡¡people¡¯s¡¡problems¡¡
3¡£¡¡Pastoral¡¡counselors¡¡are¡¡members¡¡of¡¡a¡¡religious¡¡order£»¡¡specializing¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡treatment¡¡of¡¡psychological¡¡disorders¡¡
4¡£¡¡Clinical¡¡psychologists¡¡have¡¡a¡¡Ph¡£D¡£¡¡and¡¡concentrated¡¡their¡¡graduate¡¡
training¡¡in¡¡the¡¡assessment¡¡and¡¡treatment¡¡of¡¡psychological¡¡problems£»¡¡
followed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡supervised¡¡internship¡¡in¡¡a¡¡clinical¡¡setting¡¡
5¡£¡¡Psychiatrists¡¡have¡¡pleted¡¡medical¡¡school£»¡¡earned¡¡an¡¡M¡£D¡££»¡¡and¡¡
pleted¡¡postdoctoral¡¡training¡¡in¡¡mental¡¡and¡¡emotional¡¡disorders£»¡¡
their¡¡training¡¡is¡¡slanted¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡biomedical¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡psychological¡¡
problems£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are¡¡the¡¡only¡¡therapists¡¡who¡¡can¡¡prescribe¡¡
medical¡¡or¡¡drug¡based¡¡interventions¡¡
6¡£¡¡Psychoanalysts¡¡have¡¡either¡¡an¡¡M¡£D¡£¡¡or¡¡Ph¡£D¡£¡¡and¡¡have¡¡pleted¡¡
specialized¡¡postgraduate¡¡training¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Freudian¡¡approach¡¡to¡¡
understanding¡¡and¡¡treating¡¡mental¡¡disorders¡¡
C¡£¡¡Historical¡¡and¡¡Cultural¡¡Contexts¡¡
1¡£¡¡History¡¡of¡¡Western¡¡Treatment¡¡
a£©¡¡1403£º¡¡London¡¯s¡¡St¡£¡¡Mary¡¡of¡¡Bethlehem¡¡Hospital¡¡admitted¡¡its¡¡
first¡¡patient¡¡with¡¡psychological¡¡problems£»¡¡For¡¡the¡¡next¡¡300¡¡
years¡¡the¡¡hospital¡¯s¡¡mental¡¡patients¡¡were¡¡chained£»¡¡tortured£»¡¡
and¡¡exhibited¡¡to¡¡an¡¡admission¡paying¡¡public¡£¡¡Through¡¡
mispronunciation¡¡of¡¡Bethlehe
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