y the Evil One； leaving him only one safeguard； a Bible； lying on the table in the middle of the room。 In his introduction to The Heart of Midlothian； Scott makes one of the two men thrown into the water by the overturned coach remind the other that they 〃cannot complain； like Cowley； that Gideon's fleece remains dry while all around is moist； this is the reverse of the miracle。〃 A little later a speaker describes novels as the Delilahs that seduce wise and good men from more serious reading。 In the dramatic scene when Jeanie Deans faces the wretched George Staunton； who has so shamed the household； she exclaims： 〃O sir； did the Scripture never come into your mind； 'Vengeance is mine； and I will repay it？' 〃 〃Scripture！〃 he sneers； 〃why I had not opened a Bible for five years。〃 〃Wae's me； sir；〃 said Jeanie〃and a minister's son； too！〃 Anthony Foster； in Kenilworth； looks down on poor Amy's body in the vault into which she has fallen； in response to what she thought was Leicester's whistle； and exclaims to Varney： 〃Oh； if there be judgment in heaven； thou hast deserved it； and will meet it！ Thou hast destroyed her by means of her best affectionsit is the seething of the kid in the mother's milk！〃 And when； next morning； Varney was found dead of the secret poison and with a sneering sarcasm on his ghastly face； Scott dismisses him with the phrase： 〃The wicked man； saith the Scripture； hath no bonds in his death。〃
His characters use freely the familiar Bible events and phrases。 In the Fortunes of Nigel； a story of the very period when our King James version was produced； Hildebrod declares that if he had his way Captain Peppercull should hang as high as Haman ever did。 In Kenilworth； when Leicester gives Varney his signet… ring； he says； significantly： 〃What thou dost； do quickly。〃 Of course； Isaac； the Jew in Ivanhoe； exclaims frequently in Old Testament terms。 He wishes the wheels of the chariots of his enemies may be taken off； like those of the host of Pharoah； that they may drive heavily。 He expects the Palmer's lance to be as powerful as the rod of Moses； and so on。
Scott was writing of the period when men stayed themselves with Scripture； and his men are all sure of God and Satan and angels and judgment and all eternal things。 His son…in… law vouches for the old story that when Sir Walter was on his death…bed he asked Lockhart to read him something from the Book； and when Lockhart asked； 〃What book？〃 Scott replied： 〃Why do you ask？ There is but one book； the Bible。〃
All this is scant justice to the Georgian group； but it may give a hint of what the Bible meant even at that period； the period when its grip on men was most lax in all the later English history。
It is in the Victorian age （1840…1900） that the field is most bewildering。 It is true； as Frederick Harrison says； that 〃this Victorian age has no Shakespeare or Milton； no Bacon or Hume； no Fielding or Scottno supreme master in poetry； philosophy； or romance whose work is incorporated with the thought of the world； who is destined to form an epoch； to endure for centuries。〃＇1＇ The genius of the period is more scientific than literary； yet we would be helpless if we had not already eliminated from our discussion everything but the works and writers of pure literature。 The output of books has been so tremendous that it would be impossible to analyze the influences which have made them。 There are in this Victorian period at least twelve great English writers who must be known； whose work affects the current of English literature。 Many other names would need mention in any full history or any minute study； but it is not harsh judgment to say that the main current of literature would be the same without them。 A few of these lesser names will come to mind； and in the calling of them one realizes the influence； even on them； of the English Bible。 Anthony Trollope wrote sixty volumes； the titles of most of which are now popularly unknown。 He told George Eliot that it was not brains that explained his writing so much； but rather wax which he put in the seat of his chair； which held him down to his daily stint of work。 He could boast； and it was worth the boasting； that he had never written a line which a pure woman could not read without a blush。 His whole Framley Parsonage series abounds in Bible references and allusions。 So Charlotte Bronte is in English literature； and Jane Eyre does prove what she was meant to prove； that a commonplace person can be made the heroine of a novel； but on all Charlotte Bronte's work is the mark of the rectory in which she grew up。 So Thomas Grey has left his 〃Elegy〃 and his 〃Hymn to Adversity；〃 and some other writing which most of us have forgotten or never knew。 Then there are Maria Edgeworth and Jane Austen。 We may even remember that Macaulay thought Jane Austen could be compared with Shakespeare； as； of course； she can be； since any one can be； but neither of these good women has strongly affected the literary current。 Many others could be named； but English literature would be substantially the same without them； and； though all might show Biblical influence； they would not illustrate what we are trying to discover。 So we come； without apology to the unnamed； to the twelve； without whom English literature would be different。 This is the list in the order of the alphabet： Matthew Arnold； Robert Browning （Mrs。 Browning being grouped as one with him）； Carlyle； Dickens； George Eliot； Charles Kingsley； Macaulay； Ruskin； Robert Louis Stevenson； Swinburne； Tennyson； and Thackeray。
＇1＇ Early Victorian Literature； p。 9
It is dangerous to make such a list； but it can be defended。 Literary history would not be the same without any one of them； unless possibly Swinburne； whose claim to place is rather by his work as critic than as creator。 Nor is any name omitted whose introduction would change literary history。
Benjamin Jowett thought Arnold too flippant on religious things to be a real prophet。 At any rate； this much is true； that the books in which Arnold dealt with the fundamentals of religion are his profoundest work。 In his poetry the best piece of the whole is his 〃Rugby Chapel。〃 His Religion and Dogma he himself calls an 〃essay toward a better apprehension of the Bible。〃 All through he urges it as the one Book which needs recovery。 〃All that the churches can say about the importance of the Bible and its religion we concur in。〃 The book throughout is an effort to justify his own faith in terms of the Bible。 The effort is sometimes amusing； because it takes such a logical and verbal agility to go from one to the other； but he is always at it。 He is afraid in his soul that England will swing away from the Bible。 He fears it may come about through neglect of the Bible on one hand； or through wrong teaching about it on the other。 Not in his ideas alone； but markedly in his style； Arnold has felt the Biblical influence。 He came at a time when there was strong temptation to fall into cumbrous German ways of speech。 Against that Arnold set a simple phraseology； and he held out the English Bible constantly as a model by which the men of England ought to learn to write。 He never gained the simplicity of the old Hebrew sentence； and sometimes his secondary clauses follow one another so rapidly that a reader is confused； but his words as a whole are simple and direct。
There is no need of much word on the spell of the Bible over Robert Browning and Mrs。 Browning。 It is not often that two singing… birds mate； but these two sang in a key pitched for them by the Scripture as much as by any one influence。 Many of their greatest poems have definite Biblical themes。 In them and in others Biblical allusions are utterly bewildering to men who do not know the Bible well。 For five years （1841…1846） Browning's poems appeared under the title Bells and Pomegranates。 Scores of people wondered then； and wonder still； what 〃Pippa Passes〃 and 〃A Blot in the Scutcheon 〃 and the others have to do with such a title。 They have never thought； as Browning did； of the border of the beautiful robe of the high priest described in the Book of Exodus。 The finest poem of its length in the English language is Browning's 〃Saul〃； but it is only the story of David driving the evil spirit from Saul； sweeping on to the very coming of Christ。 〃The Death in the Desert〃 is the death of John； the beloved disciple。 〃Karshish； the Arab Physician〃 tells in his own way of the raising of Lazarus。 The text of 〃Caliban upon Setebos〃 is； 〃Thou thoughtest that I was altogether such an one as thyself。〃 The text of 〃Cleon〃 is； 〃As certain of your own poets have said。〃 In 〃Fifine at the Fair〃 the Cure expounds the experience of Jacob and his stone…pillow with better insight than some better… known expositors show。 In 〃Pippa Passes；〃 when Bluphocks； the English vagabond； is introduced； Browning seems to justify his appearance by the single foot…note： 〃He maketh His sun to rise on the evil and on the good； and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust〃； and Mr。 Bluphocks shows himself amusingly familiar with Bible facts and phrases。 Mr。 Sludge； 〃the Medium；〃 thinks the Bible says the stars are 〃set for signs when we should shear sheep； sow corn； prune trees；〃 and describes the skeptic in the magic circle of spiritual 〃investigators〃 as the 〃guest without the wedding…garb； the doubting Thomas。〃 Some one has taken the trouble to count five hundred Biblical phrases or allusions in 〃The Ring and the Book。〃 Mrs。 Browning's 〃'Drama of Exile〃 is the woman's side of the fall of Adam and Eve。 Ruskin thought her 〃Aurora Leigh〃 the greatest poem the century had produced at that time。 It abounds in Scriptural allusions。 Browning came by all this naturally。 Raised in the Church by a father who 〃delighted to surround him with books； notably old and rare Bibles；〃 and a mother Carlyle called 〃a true type of a Scottish gentlewoman；〃 with all the skill in the Bible that that implies； he never lost his sense of the majesty of the movement of Scripture ideas and phrases。
We need spend little time in discussing the influence of the English Bible on Thomas Carlyle。 He does not often use the Scripture for his main theme； but he is constantly making Biblical allusions。 On a railway journey when I was rereading Car