have¡¡heard¡¡of¡¡my¡¡refusal¡¡to¡¡ally¡¡myself¡¡with¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡¡against¡¡him£º
thus¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡favourable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡government¡£
I¡¡resolved¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡hostilities¡¡should¡¡continue£»¡¡I¡¡would¡¡proclaim¡¡Rionga
representative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government£»¡¡as¡¡vassal¡chief¡¡of¡¡Unyoro£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡room
of¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega£»¡¡deposed¡£
Rionga¡¡would¡¡send¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡to¡¡warn¡¡Major¡¡Abdullah¡¡at¡¡Fatiko£»¡¡but¡¡how¡¡was
I¡¡to¡¡convey¡¡my¡¡baggage¡¡and¡¡ammunition¡¡from¡¡Masindi¡¡to¡¡Foweera£»¡¡without¡¡a
single¡¡carrier£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡a¡¡guide£¿
It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡height¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rainy¡¡season£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡grass¡¡was¡¡about¡¡nine¡¡or
ten¡¡feet¡¡high£»¡¡throughout¡¡a¡¡country¡¡of¡¡dense¡¡and¡¡tangled¡¡forest¡£
I¡¡had¡¡no¡¡interpreter¡¡of¡¡my¡¡own£»¡¡Umbogo¡¡was¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega's¡¡slave£»¡¡and
although¡¡I¡¡fancied¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡fond¡¡of¡¡us£»¡¡I¡¡had¡¡no¡¡faith¡¡in¡¡any¡¡one¡¡of
these¡¡detestable¡¡people¡£¡¡This¡¡want¡¡of¡¡confidence¡¡was¡¡keenly¡¡felt¡¡at¡¡a
time¡¡when¡¡I¡¡required¡¡an¡¡interpreter¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡could¡¡absolutely¡¡trust¡£¡¡I
was¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡confide¡¡my¡¡plan¡¡to¡¡Umbogo£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡wished¡¡him¡¡to¡¡find¡¡some
man¡¡among¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡who¡¡would¡¡take¡¡a¡¡message¡¡to¡¡Rionga¡£
I¡¡knew¡¡that¡¡many¡¡people¡¡hated¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡£¡¡Umbogo¡¡had¡¡frequently¡¡assured
me¡¡that¡¡Mashudi£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡only¡¡two¡¡days¡¡distant¡¡from¡¡Masindi£»¡¡to¡¡the
south¡east£»¡¡had¡¡always¡¡been¡¡Rionga's¡¡stronghold£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡of
that¡¡district¡¡would¡¡rise¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡their¡¡chief£»¡¡should¡¡any¡¡reverse
befall¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡£
The¡¡news¡¡of¡¡the¡¡defeat¡¡of¡¡his¡¡army£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡complete¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡his
capital£»¡¡would¡¡run¡¡through¡¡the¡¡country¡¡like¡¡wild¡fire¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡well¡¡known
that¡¡Rionga¡¡had¡¡spies£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡disguised¡¡as¡¡friends£»¡¡even¡¡at¡¡the¡¡court
of¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega£»¡¡these¡¡agents¡¡sent¡¡him¡¡information¡¡of¡¡all¡¡that¡¡occurred¡£
If¡¡Umbogo¡¡could¡¡communicate¡¡with¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡people£»¡¡I¡¡might¡¡send¡¡off
to¡¡Rionga£»¡¡and¡¡beg¡¡him¡¡to¡¡send¡¡300¡¡men¡¡to¡¡Fatiko£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡from
myself¡¡to¡¡Major¡¡Abdullah¡£¡¡Rionga's¡¡people¡¡would¡¡transport¡¡the¡¡effects
instead¡¡of¡¡Rabba¡¡Rega's¡¡carriers£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡be¡¡seized¡¡and¡¡held¡¡as
hostages¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡save¡¡Abdullah¡¡from¡¡the¡¡intended¡¡treachery£»¡¡if¡¡it
were¡¡done¡¡at¡¡once£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡to¡¡lose¡£
Already¡¡fifteen¡¡days¡¡had¡¡elapsed¡¡since¡¡my¡¡party¡¡with¡¡the¡¡post¡¡had
started£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡this¡¡time¡¡they¡¡should¡¡be¡¡near¡¡Fatiko£»¡¡£¨at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡they
had¡¡already¡¡been¡¡treacherously¡¡attacked¡££©¡¡unless¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡delayed
upon¡¡the¡¡road£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡usual¡¡in¡¡Unyoro¡£
If¡¡I¡¡could¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡Rionga£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡at¡¡once¡¡save¡¡Abdullah's¡¡party£»
and¡¡he¡¡would¡¡send¡¡a¡¡large¡¡force¡¡to¡¡communicate¡¡with¡¡me¡¡at¡¡Masindi¡£
Had¡¡I¡¡provisions£»¡¡I¡¡could¡¡have¡¡held¡¡my¡¡now¡¡fortified¡¡position¡¡against¡¡a
whole¡¡world¡¡of¡¡niggers£»¡¡but¡¡with¡¡only¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡men£»¡¡I¡¡should¡¡be¡¡unable
to¡¡forage¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country¡¡of¡¡high¡¡grass£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡defend¡¡the
station¡£
All¡¡depended¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡my¡¡communication¡¡with¡¡Rionga¡£
Umbogo¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡if¡¡I¡¡would¡¡only¡¡march¡¡to¡¡Mashudi£»¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡would
rise¡¡in¡¡his¡¡favour¡¡and¡¡join¡¡me¡£
I¡¡told¡¡him¡¡that¡¡if¡¡this¡¡were¡¡true£»¡¡he¡¡could¡¡surely¡¡find¡¡some¡¡person¡¡who
would¡¡run¡¡to¡¡Mashudi£»¡¡and¡¡raise¡¡the¡¡malcontents£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡at¡¡once¡¡carry
my¡¡message¡¡to¡¡Rionga¡£
Umbogo¡¡promised¡¡to¡¡do¡¡his¡¡best£º¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡he¡¡expressed¡¡an¡¡opinion
that¡¡Rionga¡¡would¡¡not¡¡wait¡¡long¡¡in¡¡inaction£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡invade
Kabba¡¡Rega¡¡directly¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡hear¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡£¡¡From¡¡my¡¡experience
of¡¡natives£»¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡share¡¡his¡¡opinion¡£
As¡¡Kittakara¡¡had¡¡apologized¡¡for¡¡the¡¡attack¡¡to¡¡Colonel¡¡Abd¡el¡Kader£»¡¡and
a¡¡truce¡¡had¡¡been¡¡arranged£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡number¡¡of¡¡natives¡¡spread¡¡themselves
over¡¡the¡¡ruins¡¡of¡¡the¡¡town£»¡¡to¡¡search¡¡for¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡molotes£»¡¡which¡¡are
generally¡¡concealed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡earth£»¡¡beneath¡¡the¡¡floor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡huts¡£¡¡The
natives¡¡were¡¡all¡¡prodding¡¡the¡¡smoking¡¡ground¡¡with¡¡the¡¡iron¡tipped
butt¡ends¡¡of¡¡their¡¡lances¡¡to¡¡discover¡¡the¡¡treasures¡£
Umbogo¡¡now¡¡went¡¡among¡¡them¡¡with¡¡his¡¡guard£»¡¡and¡¡conversed¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡cause
of¡¡the¡¡late¡¡attack¡£
In¡¡the¡¡evening£»¡¡Umbogo¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡not¡¡quite¡¡certain¡¡of¡¡the
truth£»¡¡he¡¡evidently¡¡suspected¡¡the¡¡sincerity¡¡of¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡quite
impossible¡¡to¡¡procure¡¡any¡¡messenger¡¡at¡¡present¡¡that¡¡could¡¡be¡¡trusted
with¡¡a¡¡message¡¡to¡¡Rionga¡£
The¡¡memorable¡¡8th¡¡of¡¡June¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡my¡¡birthday¡£¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the
day¡¡of¡¡death¡¡to¡¡my¡¡lamented¡¡follower£»¡¡Monsoor£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡had¡¡well¡¡avenged
him¡£
Umbogo¡¡reported¡¡that¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡had¡¡given¡¡him¡¡the¡¡names¡¡of¡¡nine
matongales¡¡£¨chiefs£©¡¡killed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡action£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number
of¡¡common¡¡people¡£¡¡A¡¡great¡¡many¡¡were¡¡still¡¡missing£º¡¡these¡¡were¡¡probably
lying¡¡in¡¡the¡¡high¡¡grass¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡raked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡hot¡¡fire¡¡of¡¡the
sniders¡£¡¡Vultures¡¡were¡¡collected¡¡in¡¡immense¡¡numbers¡¡over¡¡many¡¡spots¡¡in
this¡¡dense¡¡covert£»¡¡which¡¡denoted¡¡the¡¡places¡¡where¡¡the¡¡¡¨missing¡¨¡¡had
fallen¡£
I¡¡ordered¡¡the¡¡troops¡¡to¡¡abandon¡¡their¡¡undefended¡¡camp£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡sleep
within¡¡the¡¡fort¡¡that¡¡night¡£
The¡¡morning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡9th¡¡of¡¡June¡¡arrivedthe¡¡night¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡in¡¡perfect
quiet¡£
My¡¡troops¡¡set¡¡to¡¡work¡¡with¡¡their¡¡sharp¡¡sword¡bayonets£»¡¡swords£»¡¡knives£»
&c¡££»¡¡to¡¡cut¡¡down¡¡all¡¡the¡¡high¡¡grass¡¡in¡¡the¡¡neighbourhood£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡throw
open¡¡the¡¡view£»¡¡and¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡from¡¡attacking¡¡us¡¡by¡¡another
surprise¡£¡¡They¡¡worked¡¡for¡¡many¡¡hours£»¡¡and¡¡soon¡¡found¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the
missing£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡lying¡¡dead¡£¡¡Five¡¡bodies¡¡were¡¡discovered¡¡close
together£»¡¡as¡¡though¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡killed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡shell¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡in¡¡a¡¡spot
where¡¡the¡¡¡¨Forty¡¡Thieves¡¨¡¡had¡¡been¡¡at¡¡work¡£
One¡¡unfortunate¡¡creature¡¡was¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡high¡¡grass¡¡with¡¡a¡¡smashed¡¡leg¡£
He¡¡had¡¡been¡¡lying£»¡¡thirsty¡¡and¡¡in¡¡pain£»¡¡for¡¡about¡¡thirty¡¡hours¡¡in¡¡the
same¡¡spot¡£¡¡My¡¡men¡¡gave¡¡him¡¡water¡¡and¡¡food£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡came¡¡and¡¡took
him¡¡away¡£¡¡The¡¡wounded¡¡man¡¡seemed¡¡very¡¡grateful£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡told¡¡my¡¡soldiers
that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡¡¨better¡¡men¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Unyoros£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡murder
a¡¡wounded¡¡enemy¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡giving¡¡him¡¡food¡¡and¡¡water¡£¡¨
I¡¡had¡¡told¡¡Umbogo¡¡to¡¡make¡¡inquiries¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡safety¡¡of¡¡little
Cherri¡Merri¡£¡¡The¡¡boy¡¡was¡¡unharmed£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡taken¡¡away¡¡before¡¡the
fight¡£
It¡¡was¡¡now¡¡proved¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cows¡¡had¡¡also¡¡been¡¡removed¡¡during¡¡the¡¡night
previous¡¡to¡¡the¡¡attack£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡had¡¡suspected¡£
During¡¡the¡¡day£»¡¡vast¡¡number¡¡of¡¡people¡¡were¡¡collected¡¡at¡¡a¡¡large¡¡village£»
situated¡¡on¡¡a¡¡knoll£»¡¡about¡¡700¡¡yards¡¡from¡¡our¡¡station¡¡in¡¡a¡¡direct¡¡line¡£
This¡¡place£»¡¡we¡¡were¡¡informed£»¡¡was¡¡now¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡£¡¡The¡¡knoll
was¡¡about¡¡eighty¡¡feet¡¡lower¡¡than¡¡our¡¡high¡¡position£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡had
roughly¡¡cut¡¡down¡¡the¡¡grass£»¡¡we¡¡looked¡¡directly¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡village¡£
We¡¡lost¡¡no¡¡time¡¡in¡¡erecting¡¡the¡¡large¡¡astronomical¡¡telescope¡¡upon¡¡its
stand¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡placed¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡flat¡¡gravel¡¡approach¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡the
government¡¡divan£»¡¡and¡¡through¡¡the¡¡powerful¡¡glass¡¡we¡¡could¡¡distinguish
each¡¡feature£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡every¡¡individual¡¡countenance¡¡of¡¡the
crowd¡¡within¡¡the¡¡village¡£
During¡¡the¡¡day£»¡¡messengers¡¡arrived¡¡from¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡¡with¡¡an¡¡official
explanation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡misunderstanding¡£¡¡They¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡entirely
the¡¡fault¡¡of¡¡Matonse£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡be¡¡soon¡¡captured£»¡¡that¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega
desired¡¡them¡¡to¡¡express¡¡his¡¡deep¡¡regret£»¡¡¡¨Was¡¡he¡¡not¡¡my¡¡son£¿¡¡Did¡¡he¡¡not
depend¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡his¡¡father£¿¡¨¡¡He¡¡only¡¡begged¡¡for¡¡peace¡£¡¡The
natives¡¡had¡¡been¡¡killed¡¡in¡¡great¡¡numbers£»¡¡therefore¡¡¡¨if¡¡we¡¡had¡¡lost¡¡a
few¡¡soldiers£»¡¡the¡¡Unyoro¡¡had¡¡lost¡¡manyso¡¡the¡¡affair¡¡was¡¡settled¡£¡¨
I¡¡told¡¡them¡¡that¡¡nothing¡¡could¡¡ever¡¡compensate¡¡for¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡Monsoor£»
who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡so¡¡treacherously¡¡killed£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡if¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega
could¡¡prove¡¡that¡¡the¡¡guilt¡¡really¡¡lay¡¡with¡¡Matonse£»¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡plan
would¡¡be¡¡to¡¡deliver¡¡him¡¡up¡¡to¡¡me¡£
I¡¡recalled¡¡to¡¡their¡¡recollection¡¡how¡¡I¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡ten¡¡months¡¡in¡¡Unyoro
in¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡Kamrasi£»¡¡at¡¡which¡¡time¡¡I¡¡had¡¡only¡¡an¡¡escort¡¡of¡¡thirteen
men£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡misunderstanding¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡occurred¡£¡¡I¡¡explained¡¡that¡¡the
fault¡¡was¡¡not¡¡on¡¡my¡¡side¡£¡¡An¡¡attempt¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡to¡¡poison¡¡us
collectively£»¡¡we¡¡had¡¡then¡¡been¡¡surprised¡¡by¡¡a¡¡thoroughly¡¡organized
attack£»¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡troops¡¡were¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡disabled¡¡by
the¡¡poison¡£
Kabba¡¡Rega¡¡must¡¡clear¡¡his¡¡character¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡he¡¡were¡¡innocent£»¡¡I¡¡should¡¡be
only¡¡too¡¡happy¡£
The¡¡matongale£»¡¡or¡¡sheik£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡messenger£»¡¡assured¡¡me
that¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡¡was¡¡quite¡¡in¡¡despair£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡given¡¡orders¡¡for
provisions¡¡and¡¡a¡¡large¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡ivory¡¡to¡¡be¡¡collected£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be
sent¡¡to¡¡us¡¡on¡¡the¡¡day¡¡following£»¡¡in¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡Rahonka¡¡and¡¡Kittakara¡£
The¡¡want¡¡of¡¡provisions¡¡was¡¡sorely¡¡felt£»¡¡fortunately£»¡¡as¡¡our¡¡cows¡¡had
been¡¡dying¡¡daily£»¡¡the¡¡troops¡¡had¡¡some¡¡sweet¡¡potatoes¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been
purchased¡¡in¡¡exchange¡¡for¡¡flesh¡£¡¡These¡¡would¡¡last¡¡for¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days¡£
A¡¡short¡¡time¡¡before¡¡the¡¡attack£»¡¡I¡¡had¡¡promised¡¡to¡¡send¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega¡¡a
porcelain¡¡cache¡pot¡£¡¡I¡¡therefore¡¡took¡¡the¡¡opportunity¡¡of¡¡reminding¡¡the
sheik¡¡of¡¡my¡¡promise£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡begged¡¡him¡¡to¡¡deliver¡¡the¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡china¡¡to
Kabba¡¡Rega¡¡as¡¡a¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡my¡¡peaceful¡¡intentions£»¡¡should¡¡he¡¡really¡¡be
innocent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡treachery¡£
The¡¡handsome¡¡present¡¡was¡¡wrapped¡¡up¡¡in¡¡red¡¡Turkey¡¡cloth£»¡¡and¡¡the
messengers¡¡departed¡£
I¡¡watched¡¡them¡¡through¡¡the¡¡telescope£»¡¡and£»¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡arrival¡¡at¡¡the
village¡¡below¡¡us£»¡¡I¡¡distinctly¡¡witnessed£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡their¡¡reception¡¡by
the¡¡expectant¡¡crowd£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡cache¡pot¡¡was¡¡unpacked¡¡and¡¡held¡¡at¡¡arm's
length¡¡above¡¡the¡¡head£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡exhibited¡¡to¡¡the¡¡admiring¡¡people¡£
This¡¡looked¡¡well¡£¡¡¡¡My¡¡officers¡¡began¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡in¡¡peace£»¡¡and£»¡¡although
I¡¡still¡¡had¡¡strong¡¡suspicions£»¡¡I¡¡hoped¡¡that¡¡the¡¡signal¡¡defeat¡¡which
Kabba¡¡Rega's¡¡army¡¡had¡¡sustained¡¡had¡¡so¡¡far¡¡cowed¡¡them¡¡as¡¡to¡¡induce¡¡a
termination¡¡of¡¡hostilities£»¡¡that¡¡would¡¡enable¡¡me¡¡to¡¡communicate¡¡with
Major¡¡Abdullah¡£
The¡¡luggage¡¡from¡¡the¡¡government¡¡divan¡¡had¡¡all¡¡been¡¡carried¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fort¡£¡¡
This¡¡was¡¡now¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡our¡¡original¡¡quarters£»¡¡my¡¡wife¡¡and¡¡her¡¡black
maids¡¡were¡¡working¡¡hard¡¡at¡¡rearranging¡¡the¡¡rooms¡£
The¡¡night¡¡passed¡¡quietly¡£
On¡¡10th¡¡of¡¡June¡¡a¡¡matongale¡¡and¡¡several¡¡natives¡¡arrived¡¡from¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega£»
with¡¡a¡¡most¡¡polite¡¡message¡¡and¡¡friendly¡¡assurances£»¡¡accompanied¡¡by¡¡a
present¡¡of¡¡two¡¡beautiful¡¡white¡¡cows¡£
The¡¡messengers¡¡corroborated¡¡the¡¡statement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡preceding¡¡day£»¡¡that
large¡¡quantities¡¡of¡¡provisions¡¡were¡¡being¡¡prepared¡¡for¡¡us£»¡¡together¡¡with
twenty¡¡elephants'¡¡tusks£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡delivered¡¡as¡¡a¡¡peace¡offering
by¡¡Rahonka¡¡and¡¡Kittakara¡¡in¡¡person¡£
Affairs¡¡looked¡¡brighter¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡my¡¡best¡¡policy¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡peace¡¡if
possible¡£
I¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡send¡¡Kabba¡¡Rega£»¡¡in¡¡return¡¡for¡¡his¡¡present¡¡of¡¡cows£»¡¡the
large¡¡Geneva¡¡musical¡¡box£»¡¡with¡¡drums¡¡and¡¡bells£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡always
desired¡£
No¡¡one¡¡knew¡¡how¡¡to¡¡wind¡¡it¡¡up£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡necessary