ith all the forms of a funeral。 They think that if they attempt to entrap it； they will surely die in consequence。〃 （G。A。 Shaw； 〃The Aye…aye〃； 〃Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine〃； Vol。 II。 （Antananarivo； 1896）； pages 201； 203 （Reprint of the Second four Numbers）。 Compare A。 van Gennep； 〃Tabou et Totemisme a Madagascar〃； pages 223 sq。） Some Malagasy tribes believe themselves descended from crocodiles and accordingly they deem the formidable reptiles their brothers。 If one of these scaly brothers so far forgets the ties of kinship as to devour a man； the chief of the tribe； or in his absence an old man familiar with the tribal customs； repairs at the head of the people to the edge of the water； and summons the family of the culprit to deliver him up to the arm of justice。 A hook is then baited and cast into the river or lake。 Next day the guilty brother or one of his family is dragged ashore； formally tried； sentenced to death； and executed。 The claims of justice being thus satisfied； the dead animal is lamented and buried like a kinsman； a mound is raised over his grave and a stone marks the place of his head。 （Father Abinal； 〃Croyances fabuleuses des Malgaches〃； 〃Les Missions Catholiques〃； XII。 （1880）； page 527； A。 van Gennep； 〃Tabou et Totemisme a Madagascar〃； pages 281 sq。）
Amongst the Tshi…speaking tribes of the Gold Coast in West Africa the Horse…mackerel family traces its descent from a real horse…mackerel whom an ancestor of theirs once took to wife。 She lived with him happily in human shape on shore till one day a second wife； whom the man had married； cruelly taunted her with being nothing but a fish。 That hurt her so much that bidding her husband farewell she returned to her old home in the sea； with her youngest child in her arms； and never came back again。 But ever since the Horse…mackerel people have refrained from eating horse…mackerels； because the lost wife and mother was a fish of that sort。 （A。B。 Ellis； 〃The Tshi…speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa〃 （London； 1887）； pages 208…11。 A similar tale is told by another fish family who abstain from eating the fish （appei） from which they take their name （A。B。 Ellis op。 cit。 pages 211 sq。）。） Some of the Land Dyaks of Borneo tell a similar tale to explain a similar custom。 〃There is a fish which is taken in their rivers called a puttin； which they would on no account touch； under the idea that if they did they would be eating their relations。 The tradition respecting it is； that a solitary old man went out fishing and caught a puttin； which he dragged out of the water and laid down in his boat。 On turning round； he found it had changed into a very pretty little girl。 Conceiving the idea she would make； what he had long wished for； a charming wife for his son； he took her home and educated her until she was fit to be married。 She consented to be the son's wife cautioning her husband to use her well。 Some time after their marriage； however； being out of temper； he struck her； when she screamed； and rushed away into the water； but not without leaving behind her a beautiful daughter； who became afterwards the mother of the race。〃 （The Lord Bishop of Labuan； 〃On the Wild Tribes of the North…West Coast of Borneo〃； 〃Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London〃； New Series II。 （London； 1863）； pages 26 sq。 Such stories conform to a well…known type which may be called the Swan…Maiden type of story； or Beauty and the Beast； or Cupid and Psyche。 The occurrence of stories of this type among totemic peoples； such as the Tshi…speaking negroes of the Gold Coast； who tell them to explain their totemic taboos； suggests that all such tales may have originated in totemism。 I shall deal with this question elsewhere。）
Members of a clan in Mandailing； on the west coast of Sumatra； assert that they are descended from a tiger； and at the present day； when a tiger is shot； the women of the clan are bound to offer betel to the dead beast。 When members of this clan come upon the tracks of a tiger； they must； as a mark of homage； enclose them with three little sticks。 Further； it is believed that the tiger will not attack or lacerate his kinsmen； the members of the clan。 （H。 Ris； 〃De Onderafdeeling Klein Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en hare Bevolking met uitzondering van de Oeloes〃； 〃Bijdragen tot de Tall… Land… en Volkenkunde van Nederlansch…Indie； XLVI。 （1896）； page 473。） The Battas of Central Sumatra are divided into a number of clans which have for their totems white buffaloes； goats； wild turtle…doves； dogs； cats； apes； tigers； and so forth； and one of the explanations which they give of their totems is that these creatures were their ancestors； and that their own souls after death can transmigrate into the animals。 （J。B。 Neumann； 〃Het Pane en Bila…stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra〃； 〃Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap〃； Tweede Serie； III。 Afdeeling； Meer uitgebreide Artikelen； No。 2 （Amsterdam； 1886）； pages 311 sq。； id。 ib。 Tweede Serie； IV。 Afdeeling； Meer uitgebreide Artikelen； No。 1 （Amsterdam； 1887）； pages 8 sq。） In Amboyna and the neighbouring islands the inhabitants of some villages aver that they are descended from trees； such as the Capellenia moluccana； which had been fertilised by the Pandion Haliaetus。 Others claim to be sprung from pigs； octopuses； crocodiles； sharks； and eels。 People will not burn the wood of the trees from which they trace their descent； nor eat the flesh of the animals which they regard as their ancestors。 Sicknesses of all sorts are believed to result from disregarding these taboos。 （J。G。F。 Riedel； 〃De sluik… en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua〃 （The Hague； 1886）； pages 32； 61； G。W。W。C。 Baron van Hoevell； 〃Ambon en meer bepaaldelijk de Oeliasers〃 （Dordrecht； 1875）； page 152。） Similarly in Ceram persons who think they are descended from crocodiles； serpents； iguanas； and sharks will not eat the flesh of these animals。 （J。G。F。 Riedel op。 cit。 page 122。） Many other peoples of the Molucca Islands entertain similar beliefs and observe similar taboos。 （J。G。F。 Riedel 〃De sluik… en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua〃 （The Hague； 1886）； pages 253； 334； 341； 348； 412； 414； 432。） Again； in Ponape； one of the Caroline Islands； 〃The different families suppose themselves to stand in a certain relation to animals； and especially to fishes； and believe in their descent from them。 They actually name these animals 'mothers'； the creatures are sacred to the family and may not be injured。 Great dances； accompanied with the offering of prayers； are performed in their honour。 Any person who killed such an animal would expose himself to contempt and punishment； certainly also to the vengeance of the insulted deity。〃 Blindness is commonly supposed to be the consequence of such a sacrilege。 （Dr Hahl； 〃Mittheilungen uber Sitten und rechtliche Verhaltnisse auf Ponape〃； 〃Ethnologisches Notizblatt〃； Vol。 II。 Heft 2 （Berlin； 1901）； page 10。）
Some of the aborigines of Western Australia believe that their ancestors were swans； ducks； or various other species of water…fowl before they were transformed into men。 （Captain G。 Grey； 〃A Vocabulary of the Dialects of South Western Australia〃； Second Edition （London； 1840）； pages 29； 37； 61； 63； 66； 71。） The Dieri tribe of Central Australia； who are divided into totemic clans； explain their origin by the following legend。 They say that in the beginning the earth opened in the midst of Perigundi Lake； and the totems （murdus or madas） came trooping out one after the other。 Out came the crow； and the shell parakeet； and the emu； and all the rest。 Being as yet imperfectly formed and without members or organs of sense； they laid themselves down on the sandhills which surrounded the lake then just as they do now。 It was a bright day and the totems lay basking in the sunshine； till at last； refreshed and invigorated by it； they stood up as human beings and dispersed in all directions。 That is why people of the same totem are now scattered all over the country。 You may still see the island in the lake out of which the totems came trooping long ago。 （A。W。 Howitt； 〃Native Tribes of South…East Australia〃 （London； 1904）； pages 476； 779 sq。） Another Dieri legend relates how Paralina； one of the Mura…Muras or mythical predecessors of the Dieri； perfected mankind。 He was out hunting kangaroos； when he saw four incomplete beings cowering together。 So he went up to them； smoothed their bodies； stretched out their limbs； slit up their fingers and toes； formed their mouths； noses； and eyes； stuck ears on them； and blew into their ears in order that they might hear。 Having perfected their organs and so produced mankind out of these rudimentary beings； he went about making men everywhere。 （A。W。 Howitt op。 cit。； pages 476； 780 sq。） Yet another Dieri tradition sets forth how the Mura…Mura produced the race of man out of a species of small black lizards； which may still be met with under dry bark。 To do this he divided the feet of the lizards into fingers and toes； and； applying his forefinger to the middle of their faces； created a nose； likewise he gave them human eyes； mouths and ears。 He next set one of them upright； but it fell down again because of its tail； so he cut off its tail and the lizard then walked on its hind legs。 That is the origin of mankind。 （S。 Gason； 〃The Manners and Customs of the Dieyerie tribe of Australian Aborigines〃； 〃Native Tribes of South Australia〃 （Adelaide； 1879）； page 260。 This writer fell into the mistake of regarding the Mura…Mura （Mooramoora） as a Good…Spirit instead of as one of the mythical but more or less human predecessors of the Dieri in the country。 See A。W。 Howitt； 〃Native Tribes of South…East Australia〃； pages 475 sqq。）
The Arunta tribe of Central Australia similarly tell how in the beginning mankind was developed out of various rudimentary forms of animal life。 They say that in those days two beings called Ungambikula； that is； 〃out of nothing；〃 or 〃self…existing；〃 dwelt in the western sky。 From their lofty abode they could see； far away to the east； a number of inapertwa creatures； that is； rudimentary human beings or incomplete men； whom it was their mission to make into real men and