and of Chamidae； so that Ali； knowing that Ismail Pacho Bey had boasted that he could arrive in sight of Janina without firing a gun； said in his turn that he would not treat with the Porte until he and his troops should be within eight leagues of Constantinople。
He had fortified and supplied with munitions of war Ochrida； Avlone； Cannia； Berat； Cleisoura； Premiti； the port of Panormus； Santi…Quaranta； Buthrotum； Delvino； Argyro…Castron； Tepelen； Parga； Prevesa； Sderli； Paramythia； Arta； the post of the Five Wells； Janina and its castles。 These places contained four hundred and twenty cannons of all sizes； for the most part in bronze； mounted on siege…carriages； and seventy mortars。 Besides these； there were in the castle by the lake； independently of the guns in position； forty field…pieces； sixty mountain guns； a number of Congreve rockets； formerly given him by the English； and an enormous quantity of munitions of war。 Finally； he endeavoured to establish a line of semaphores between Janina and Prevesa； in order to have prompt news of the Turkish fleet； which was expected to appear on this coast。
Ali； whose strength seemed to increase with age； saw to everything and appeared everywhere； sometimes in a litter borne by his Albanians； sometimes in a carriage raised into a kind of platform； but it was more frequently on horseback that he appeared among his labourers。 Often he sat on the bastions in the midst of the batteries； and conversed familiarly with those who surrounded him。 He narrated the successes formerly obtained against the sultan by Kara Bazaklia； Vizier of Scodra； who； like himself； had been attained with the sentence of deprivation and excommunication； recounting how the rebel pacha； shut up in his citadel with seventy…two warriors； had seen collapse at his feet the united forces of four great provinces of the Ottoman Empire； commanded by twenty…two pachas； who were almost entirely annihilated in one day by the Guegues。 He reminded them also； of the brilliant victory gained by Passevend Oglon； Pacha of Widdin； of quite recent memory； which is celebrated in the warlike songs of the Klephts of Roumelia。
Almost simultaneously； Ali's sons； Mouktar and Veli； arrived at Janina。 Veli had been obliged； or thought himself obliged； to evacuate Lepanto by superior forces； and brought only discouraging news； especially as to the wavering fidelity of the Turks。 Mouktar； on the contrary； who had just made a tour of inspection in the Musache； had only noticed favourable dispositions； and deluded himself with the idea that the Chaonians； who had taken up arms； had done so in order to aid his father。 He was curiously mistaken； for these tribes hated Ali with a hatred all the deeper for being compelled to conceal it； and were only in arms in order to repel aggression。
The advice given by the sons to their father as to the manner of treating the Mohammedans differed widely in accordance with their respective opinions。 Consequently a violent quarrel arose between them； ostensibly on account of this dispute； but in reality on the subject of their father's inheritance； which both equally coveted。 Ali had brought all his treasure to Janina； and thenceforth neither son would leave the neighbourhood of so excellent a father。 They overwhelmed him with marks of affection； and vowed that the one had left Lepanto； and the other Berat； only in order to share his danger。 Ali was by no means duped by these protestations； of which he divined the motive only too well； and though he had never loved his sons； he suffered cruelly in discovering that he was not beloved by them。
Soon he had other troubles to endure。 One of his gunners assassinated a servant of Vela's； and Ali ordered the murderer to be punished； but when the sentence was to be carried out the whole corps of artillery mutinied。 In order to save appearances； the pacha was compelled to allow them to ask for the pardon of the criminal whom he dared not punish。 This incident showed him that his authority was no longer paramount； and he began to doubt the fidelity of his soldiers。 The arrival of the Ottoman fleet further enlightened him to his true position。 Mussulman and Christian alike； all the inhabitants of Northern Albania； who had hitherto concealed their disaffection under an exaggerated semblance of devotion； now hastened to make their submission to the sultan。 The Turks； continuing their success； laid siege to Parga； which was held by Mehemet； Veli's eldest son。 He was prepared to make a good defence； but was betrayed by his troops； who opened the gates of the town； and he was compelled to surrender at discretion。 He was handed over to the commander of the naval forces； by whom he was well treated； being assigned the best cabin in the admiral's ship and given a brilliant suite。 He was assured that the sultan； whose only quarrel was with his grandfather； would show him favour； and would even deal mercifully with Ali； who； with his treasures； would merely be sent to an important province in Asia Minor。 He was induced to write in this strain to his family and friends in order to induce them to lay down their arms。
The fall of Parga made a great impression on the Epirotes； who valued its possession far above its real importance。 Ali rent his garments and cursed the days of his former good fortune； during which he had neither known how to moderate his resentment nor to foresee the possibility of any change of fortune。
The fall of Parga was succeeded by that of Arta of Mongliana； where was situated Ali's country house； and of the post of the Five Wells。 Then came a yet more overwhelming piece of news Omar Brionis； whom Ali； having formerly despoiled of its wealth； had none the less； recently appointed general…in…chief； had gone over to the enemy with all his troops！
Ali then decided on carrying out a project he had formed in case of necessity； namely； on destroying the town of Janina； which would afford shelter to the enemy and a point of attack against the fortresses in which he was entrenched。 When this resolution was known； the inhabitants thought only of saving themselves and their property from the ruin from which nothing could save their country。 But most of them were only preparing to depart； when Ali gave leave to the Albanian soldiers yet faithful to him to sack the town。
The place was immediately invaded by an unbridled soldiery。 The Metropolitan church； where Greeks and Turks alike deposited their gold； jewels； and merchandise； even as did the Greeks of old in the temples of the gods； became the first object of pillage。 Nothing was respected。 The cupboards containing sacred vestments were broken open； so were the tombs of the archbishops； in which were interred reliquaries adorned with precious stones； and the altar itself was defiled with the blood of ruffians who fought for chalices and silver crosses。
The town presented an equally terrible spectacle； neither Christians nor Mussulmans were spared； and the women's apartments； forcibly entered； were given up to violence。 Some of the more courageous citizens endeavoured to defend their houses arid families against these bandits； and the clash of arms mingled with cries and groans。 All at on e the roar of a terrible explosion rose above the other sounds； and a hail of bombs； shells； grenade's； and rockets carried devastation and fire into the different quarters of the town； which soon presented the spectacle of an immense conflagration。 Ali； seated on the great platform of the castle by the lake； which seemed to vomit fire like a volcano； directed the bombardment； pointing out the places which must be burnt。 Churches； mosques； libraries； bazaars； houses； all were destroyed； and the only thing spared by the flames was the gallows； which remained standing in the midst of the ruins。
Of the thirty thousand persons who inhabited Janina a few hours previously； perhaps one half had escaped。 But these had not fled many leagues before they encountered the outposts of the Otto man army； which； instead of helping or protecting them； fell upon them； plundered them； and drove them towards the camp； where slavery awaited them。 The unhappy fugitives； taken thus between fire and。 sword； death behind and slavery before； uttered a terrible cry； and fled in all directions。 Those who escaped the Turks were stopped in the hill passes by the mountaineers rushing down to the》》 rey； only large numbers who held together could force a passage。
In some cases terror bestows extraordinary strength； there were mothers who； with infants at the breast； covered on foot in one day the fourteen leagues which separate Janina from Arta。 But others； seized with the pangs of travail in the midst of their flight； expired in the woods； after giving birth to babes； who； destitute of succour； did not survive their mothers。 And young girls； having disfigured themselves by gashes； hid themselves in caves； where they died of terror and hunger。
The Albanians； intoxicated with plunder and debauchery； refused to return to the castle； and only thought of regaining their country and enjoying the fruit of their rapine。 But they were assailed on the way by peasants covetous of their booty； and by those of Janina who had sought refuge with them。 The roads and passes were strewn with corpses； and the trees by the roadside converted into gibbets。 The murderers did not long survive their victims。
The ruins of Janina were still smoking when； on the 19th August； Pacho Bey made his entry。 Having pitched his tent out of range of Ali's cannon； he proclaimed aloud the firman which inaugurated him as Pacha of Janina and Delvino； and then raised the tails； emblem of his dignity。 Ali heard on the summit of his keep the acclamations of the Turks who saluted Pacho Bey； his former servant with the titles of Vali of Epirus； and Ghazi； of Victorius。 After this ceremony； the cadi read the sentence； confirmed by the Mufti； which declared Tepelen Veli…Zade to have forfeited his dignities and to be excommunicated； adding an injunction to all the faithful that henceforth his name was not to be pronounced except with the addition of 〃Kara；〃 or 〃black；〃 which is bestowed on those cut off from the congregation of Sunnites； or Orthodox Mohammedan