thenceforward she spoke of him as 〃Father Goriot。〃
What had brought about this decline and fall？ Conjecture was keen； but investigation was difficult。 Father Goriot was not communicative； in the sham countess' phrase he was 〃a curmudgeon。〃 Empty…headed people who babble about their own affairs because they have nothing else to occupy them； naturally conclude that if people say nothing of their doings it is because their doings will not bear being talked about； so the highly respectable merchant became a scoundrel； and the late beau was an old rogue。 Opinion fluctuated。 Sometimes； according to Vautrin； who came about this time to live in the Maison Vauquer； Father Goriot was a man who went on 'Change and DABBLED （to use the sufficiently expressive language of the Stock Exchange） in stocks and shares after he had ruined himself by heavy speculation。 Sometimes it was held that he was one of those petty gamblers who nightly play for small stakes until they win a few francs。 A theory that he was a detective in the employ of the Home Office found favor at one time； but Vautrin urged that 〃Goriot was not sharp enough for one of that sort。〃 There were yet other solutions； Father Goriot was a skinflint； a shark of a money… lender； a man who lived by selling lottery tickets。 He was by turns all the most mysterious brood of vice and shame and misery； yet； however vile his life might be； the feeling of repulsion which he aroused in others was not so strong that he must be banished from their societyhe paid his way。 Besides； Goriot had his uses； every one vented his spleen or sharpened his wit on him； he was pelted with jokes and belabored with hard words。 The general consensus of opinion was in favor of a theory which seemed the most likely； this was Mme。 Vauquer's view。 According to her； the man so well preserved at his time of life； as sound as her eyesight； with whom a woman might be very happy； was a libertine who had strange tastes。 These are the facts upon which Mme。 Vauquer's slanders were based。
Early one morning； some few months after the departure of the unlucky Countess who had managed to live for six months at the widow's expense； Mme。 Vauquer （not yet dressed） heard the rustle of a silk dress and a young woman's light footstep on the stair； some one was going to Goriot's room。 He seemed to expect the visit； for his door stood ajar。 The portly Sylvie presently came up to tell her mistress that a girl too pretty to be honest； 〃dressed like a goddess；〃 and not a speck of mud on her laced cashmere boots； had glided in from the street like a snake； had found the kitchen； and asked for M。 Goriot's room。 Mme。 Vauquer and the cook； listening； overheard several words affectionately spoken during the visit； which lasted for some time。 When M。 Goriot went downstairs with the lady； the stout Sylvie forthwith took her basket and followed the lover…like couple； under pretext of going to do her marketing。
〃M。 Goriot must be awfully rich； all the same； madame；〃 she reported on her return； 〃to keep her in such style。 Just imagine it！ There was a splendid carriage waiting at the corner of the Place de l'Estrapade； and SHE got into it。〃
While they were at dinner that evening； Mme。 Vauquer went to the window and drew the curtain； as the sun was shining into Goriot's eyes。
〃You are beloved of fair ladies； M。 Goriotthe sun seeks you out；〃 she said； alluding to his visitor。 〃Peste！ you have good taste； she was very pretty。〃
〃That was my daughter；〃 he said； with a kind of pride in his voice； and the rest chose to consider this as the fatuity of an old man who wishes to save appearances。
A month after this visit M。 Goriot received another。 The same daughter who had come to see him that morning came again after dinner； this time in evening dress。 The boarders； in deep discussion in the dining…room； caught a glimpse of a lovely； fair…haired woman； slender； graceful； and much too distinguished… looking to be a daughter of Father Goriot's。
〃Two of them！〃 cried the portly Sylvie； who did not recognize the lady of the first visit。
A few days later； and another young ladya tall； well…moulded brunette； with dark hair and bright eyescame to ask for M。 Goriot。
〃Three of them！〃 said Sylvie。
Then the second daughter； who had first come in the morning to see her father； came shortly afterwards in the evening。 She wore a ball dress； and came in a carriage。
〃Four of them！〃 commented Mme。 Vauquer and her plump handmaid。 Sylvie saw not a trace of resemblance between this great lady and the girl in her simple morning dress who had entered her kitchen on the occasion of her first visit。
At that time Goriot was paying twelve hundred francs a year to his landlady； and Mme。 Vauquer saw nothing out of the common in the fact that a rich man had four or five mistresses； nay； she thought it very knowing of him to pass them off as his daughters。 She was not at all inclined to draw a hard…and…fast line； or to take umbrage at his sending for them to the Maison Vauquer； yet； inasmuch as these visits explained her boarder's indifference to her； she went so far （at the end of the second year） as to speak of him as an 〃ugly old wretch。〃 When at length her boarder declined to nine hundred francs a year； she asked him very insolently what he took her house to be； after meeting one of these ladies on he stairs。 Father Goriot answered that the lady was his eldest daughter。
〃So you have two or three dozen daughters； have you？〃 said Mme。 Vauquer sharply。
〃I have only two；〃 her boarder answered meekly； like a ruined man who is broken in to all the cruel usage of misfortune。
Towards the end of the third year Father Goriot reduced his expenses still further； he went up to the third story； and now paid forty…five francs a month。 He did without snuff； told his hairdresser that he no longer required his services； and gave up wearing powder。 When Goriot appeared for the first time in this condition； an exclamation of astonishment broke from his hostess at the color of his haira dingy olive gray。 He had grown sadder day by day under the influence of some hidden trouble； among all the faces round the table； his was the most woe…begone。 There was no longer any doubt。 Goriot was an elderly libertine； whose eyes had only been preserved by the skill of the physician from the malign influence of the remedies necessitated by the state of his health。 The disgusting color of his hair was a result of his excesses and of the drugs which he had taken that he might continue his career。 The poor old man's mental and physical condition afforded some grounds for the absurd rubbish talked about him。 When his outfit was worn out； he replaced the fine linen by calico at fourteen sous the ell。 His diamonds； his gold snuff…box； watch…chain and trinkets； disappeared one by one。 He had left off wearing the corn…flower blue coat； and was sumptuously arrayed； summer as well as winter； in a coarse chestnut…brown coat； a plush waistcoat； and doeskin breeches。 He grew thinner and thinner； his legs were shrunken； his cheeks； once so puffed out by contented bourgeois prosperity； were covered with wrinkles； and the outlines of the jawbones were distinctly visible； there were deep furrows in his forehead。 In the fourth year of his residence in the Rue Neuve…Sainte… Genevieve he was no longer like his former self。 The hale vermicelli manufacturer； sixty…two years of age； who had looked scarce forty； the stout； comfortable； prosperous tradesman； with an almost bucolic air； and such a brisk demeanor that it did you good to look at him； the man with something boyish in his smile； had suddenly sunk into his dotage； and had become a feeble； vacillating septuagenarian。
The keen； bright blue eyes had grown dull； and faded to a steel… gray color； the red inflamed rims looked as though they had shed tears of blood。 He excited feelings of repulsion in some； and of pity in others。 The young medical students who came to the house noticed the drooping of his lower lip and the conformation of the facial angle； and； after teasing him for some time to no purpose； they declared that cretinism was setting in。
One evening after dinner Mme。 Vauquer said half banteringly to him； 〃So those daughters of yours don't come to see you any more； eh？〃 meaning to imply her doubts as to his paternity； but Father Goriot shrank as if his hostess had touched him with a sword… point。
〃They come sometimes；〃 he said in a tremulous voice。
〃Aha！ you still see them sometimes？〃 cried the students。 〃Bravo； Father Goriot！〃
The old man scarcely seemed to hear the witticisms at his expense that followed on the words； he had relapsed into the dreamy state of mind that these superficial observers took for senile torpor； due to his lack of intelligence。 If they had only known； they might have been deeply interested by the problem of his condition； but few problems were more obscure。 It was easy； of course； to find out whether Goriot had really been a vermicelli manufacturer； the amount of his fortune was readily discoverable； but the old people； who were most inquisitive as to his concerns； never went beyond the limits of the Quarter； and lived in the lodging…house much as oysters cling to a rock。 As for the rest； the current of life in Paris daily awaited them； and swept them away with it； so soon as they left the Rue Neuve…Sainte… Genevieve； they forgot the existence of the old man； their butt at dinner。 For those narrow souls； or for careless youth； the misery in Father Goriot's withered face and its dull apathy were quite incompatible with wealth or any sort of intelligence。 As for the creatures whom he called his daughters； all Mme。 Vauquer's boarders were of her opinion。 With the faculty for severe logic sedulously cultivated by elderly women during long evenings of gossip till they can always find an hypothesis to fit all circumstances； she was wont to reason thus：
〃If Father Goriot had daughters of his own as rich as those ladies who came here seemed to be； he would not be lodging in my house； on the third floor； at forty…five francs a month； and he would not go about dressed like a poor man。〃
No objection could be raised to these inferences。 So by the end of the month of November 1819； at the time when the cur