Why the Sea is Salt Proserpine The Little Hero of Haarlem The Miraculous Pitcher The Bell of Justice
STORY…TELLING IN TEACHING ENGLISH
I have to speak now of a phase of elementary education which lies very close to my warmest interest； which； indeed； could easily become an active hobby if other interests did not beneficently tug at my skirts when I am minded to mount and ride too wildly。 It is the hobby of many of you who are teachers； also； and I know you want to hear it discussed。 I mean the growing effort to teach English and English literature to children in the natural way： by speaking and hearing；orally。
We are coming to a realization of the fact that our ability； as a people； to use English is pitifully inadequate and perverted。 Those Americans who are not blinded by a limited horizon of cultured acquaintance； and who have given themselves opportunity to hear the natural speech of the younger generation in varying sections of the United States； must admit that it is no exaggeration to say that this country at large has no standard of English speech。 There is no general sense of responsibility to our mother tongue （indeed； it is in an overwhelming degree not our mother tongue） and no general appreciation of its beauty or meaning。 The average young person in every district save a half…dozen jealously guarded little precincts of good taste； uses inexpressive； ill… bred words； spoken without regard to their just sound…effects； and in a voice which is an injury to the ear of the mind； as well as a torment to the physical ear。
The structure of the language and the choice of words are dark matters to most of our young Americans； this has long been acknowledged and struggled against。 But even darker； and quite equally destructive to English expression； is their state of mind regarding pronunciation； enunciation； and voice。 It is the essential connection of these elements with English speech that we have been so slow to realize。 We have felt that they were externals； desirable but not necessary adjuncts；pretty tags of an exceptional gift or culture。 Many an intelligent school director to…day will say； 〃I don't care much about HOW you say a thing； it is WHAT you say that counts。〃 He cannot see that voice and enunciation and pronunciation are essentials。 But they are。 You can no more help affecting the meaning of your words by the way you say them than you can prevent the expressions of your face from carrying a message； the message may be perverted by an uncouth habit； but it will no less surely insist on recognition。
The fact is that speech is a method of carrying ideas from one human soul to another； by way of the ear。 And these ideas are very complex。 They are not unmixed emanations of pure intellect； transmitted to pure intellect： they are compounded of emotions； thoughts； fancies； and are enhanced or impeded in transmission by the use of word…symbols which have acquired； by association； infinite complexities in themselves。 The mood of the moment； the especial weight of a turn of thought； the desire of the speaker to share his exact soul…concept with you；these seek far more subtle means than the mere rendering of certain vocal signs； they demand such variations and delicate adjustments of sound as will inevitably affect the listening mind with the response desired。
There is no 〃what〃 without the 〃how〃 in speech。 The same written sentence becomes two diametrically opposite ideas； given opposing inflection and accompanying voice…effect。 〃He stood in the front rank of the battle〃 can be made praiseful affirmation； scornful skepticism； or simple question； by a simple varying of voice and inflection。 This is the more unmistakable way in which the 〃how〃 affects the 〃what。〃 Just as true is the less obvious fact。 The same written sentiment； spoken by Wendell Phillips and by a man from the Bowery or an uneducated ranchman； is not the same to the listener。 In one case the sentiment comes to the mind's ear with certain completing and enhancing qualities of sound which give it accuracy and poignancy。 The words themselves retain all their possible suggestiveness in the speaker's just and clear enunciation； and have a borrowed beauty； besides； from the associations of fine habit betrayed in the voice and manner of speech。 And； further； the immense personal equation shows itself in the beauty and power of the vocal expressiveness； which carries shades of meaning； unguessed delicacies of emotion； intimations of beauty； to every ear。 In the other case； the thought is clouded by unavoidable suggestions of ignorance and ugliness； brought by the pronunciation and voice； even to an unanalytical ear； the meaning is obscured by inaccurate inflection and uncertain or corrupt enunciation； but； worst of all； the personal atmosphere； the aroma； of the idea has been lost in transmission through a clumsy； ill…fitted medium。
The thing said may look the same on a printed page； but it is not the same when spoken。 And it is the spoken sentence which is the original and the usual mode of communication。
The widespread poverty of expression in English； which is thus a matter of 〃how；〃 and to which we are awakening； must be corrected chiefly； at least at first； by the common schools。 The home is the ideal place for it； but the average home of the United States is no longer a possible place for it。 The child of foreign parents； the child of parents little educated and bred in limited circumstances； the child of powerful provincial influences； must all depend on the school for standards of English。
And it is the elementary school which must meet the need； if it is to be met at all。 For the conception of English expression which I am talking of can find no mode of instruction adequate to its meaning； save in constant appeal to the ear； at an age so early that unconscious habit is formed。 No rules； no analytical instruction in later development； can accomplish what is needed。 Hearing and speaking； imitating； unwittingly and wittingly； a good model； it is to this method we must look for redemption from present conditions。
I believe we are on the eve of a real revolution in English teaching；only it is a revolution which will not break the peace。 The new way will leave an overwhelming preponderance of oral methods in use up to the fifth or sixth grade； and will introduce a larger proportion of oral work than has ever been contemplated in grammar and high school work。 It will recognize the fact that English is primarily something spoken with the mouth and heard with the ear。 And this recognition will have greatest weight in the systems of elementary teaching。
It is as an aid in oral teaching of English that story…telling in school finds its second value； ethics is the first ground of its usefulness； English the second；and after these； the others。 It is； too； for the oral uses that the secondary forms of story…telling are so available。 By secondary I mean those devices which I have tried to indicate； as used by many American teachers； in the chapter on 〃Specific Schoolroom Uses；〃 in my earlier book。 They are re…telling； dramatization； and forms of seat…work。 All of these are a great power in the hands of a wise teacher。 If combined with much attention to voice and enunciation in the recital of poetry； and with much good reading aloud BY THE TEACHER； they will go far toward setting a standard and developing good habit。
But their provinces must not be confused or overestimated。 I trust I may be pardoned for offering a caution or two to the enthusiastic advocate of these methods；cautions the need of which has been forced upon me； in experience with schools。
A teacher who uses the oral story as an English feature with little children must never lose sight of the fact that it is an aid in unconscious development； not a factor in studied； conscious improvement。 This truth cannot be too strongly realized。 Other exercises； in sufficiency； give the opportunity for regulated effort for definite results； but the story is one of the play… forces。 Its use in English teaching is most valuable when the teacher has a keen appreciation of the natural order of growth in the art of expression： that art requires； as the old rhetorics used often to put it； 〃a natural facility； succeeded by an acquired difficulty。〃 In other words； the power of expression depends； first； on something more fundamental than the art…element； the basis of it is something to say； ACCOMPANIED BY AN URGENT DESIRE TO SAY IT； and YIELDED TO WITH FREEDOM； only after this stage is reached can the art…phase be of any use。 The 〃why〃 and 〃how；〃 the analytical and constructive phases； have no natural place in this first vital epoch。
Precisely here； however； does the dramatizing of stories and the paper…cutting； etc。； become useful。 A fine and thoughtful principal of a great school asked me； recently； with real concern； about the growing use of such devices。 He said； 〃Paper…cutting is good； but what has it to do with English？〃 And then he added： 〃The children use abominable language when they play the stories； can that directly aid them to speak good English？〃 His observation was close and correct； and his conservatism more valuable than the enthusiasm of some of his colleagues who have advocated sweeping use of the supplementary work。 But his point of view ignored the basis of expression； which is to my mind so important。 Paper…cutting is external to English； of course。 Its only connection is in its power to correlate different forms of expression； and to react on speech…expression through sense…stimulus。 But playing the story is a closer relative to English than this。 It helps； amazingly； in giving the 〃something to say； the urgent desire to say it；〃 and the freedom in trying。 Never mind the crudities；at least； at the time； work only for joyous freedom； inventiveness； and natural forms of reproduction of the ideas given。 Look for very gradual changes in speech； through the permeating power of imitation； but do not forget that this is the stage of expression which inevitably precedes art。
All this will mean that no corrections are made； except in flagrant cases of slang or grammar； though all bad slips are mentally not