ms to me； of the highest ideal of American Democracy。 The ideal of Oneness can never be realized in a State which permits a single class to enjoy privileges of its own at the expense of all other classes； and it makes no difference whether this class belongs to the Proletariat or to the Plutocracy。 Equality before the law； and justice； are the two eternal instruments for establishing the true Democracy。 And I do not recall that in any of the measures which Roosevelt supported these two vital principles were violated。 The following brief quotations from later messages summarize his creed：
'In the vast and complicated mechanism of our modern civilized life； the dominant note is the note of industrialism； and the relations of capital and labor； and especially of organized capital and organized labor； to each other； and to the public at large； come second in importance only to the intimate questions of family life。'
The corporation has come to stay； just as the trade union has come to stay。 Each can do and has done great good。 Each should be favored as long as it does good； but each should be sharply checked where it acts against law and justice。
Any one can profess a creed； Theodore Roosevelt lived his。
Nothing better tested his impartiality than the strike of the Federation of Western Miners in 1907。 Many murders and much violence were attributed to this organization and they were charged with assassinating Governor Steunenberg of Idaho。 Their leaders； Moyer and Haywood； were anarchists like themselves； and although they professed contempt for law； as soon as they were arrested and brought up for trial； they clutched at every quibble of the law； as drowning men clutch at straws to save them； and； be it said to the glory or shame of the law； it furnished enough quibbles； not only to save them from the gallows； but to let them loose again on society with the legal whitewash 〃not guilty〃 stamped upon them。
Roosevelt understood the great importance of punishing these men； and he committed the indiscretion of classing them with certain big capitalists as 〃undesirable citizens。〃 Members of the Federation then wrote him denouncing his attempt to prejudice the courts against Moyer and Haywood； and they resented that their leaders should be coupled with Harriman and other big capitalists as 〃undesirable citizens。〃 This gave the President the opportunity to reply that such criticism did not come appropriately from the Federation； for they and their supporters had got up parades； mass…meetings； and petitions in favor of Moyer and Haywood and for the direct purpose of intimidating the court and jury。 〃You want；〃 he said in substance； 〃the square deal for the defendants only。 I want the square deal for every one〃； and he added； 〃It is equally a violation of the policy of the square deal for a capitalist to protest against denunciation of a capitalist who is guilty of wrongdoing and for a labor leader to pro test against the denunciation of a labor leader who has been guilty of wrongdoing。〃 *
* Autobiography； 531。
But Moyer and Haywood； as I have said； escaped punishment； and before long Haywood reappeared as leader of the Industrial Workers of the World； an anarchistic body with a comically inappropriate name for its members objected to nothing so much as to industry and work。 The I。W。W。； as they have been known for short； have consistently preached violence and 〃action；〃 by which they might take for themselves the savings and wealth of others as a means to enable them to do no work。 And some of the recent strikes which have brought the greatest misery upon the laborers whom they misled； have been directed by I。 W。 W。 leaders。
〃I treated anarchists and bomb…throwing and dynamiting gentry precisely as I treated other criminals；〃 Roosevelt writes： 〃Murder is murder。 It is not rendered one whit better by the allegation that it is committed on behalf of a cause。〃 * I need hardly state that the President was as consistently vigilant to prevent labor unions from persecuting non…union men as he was in upholding the just rights of the union。
* Autobiography； 532。
Consider what this record of his with Capital and Labor really means。 The social conditions in the United States； owing to the immense expansion in the production of wealthan expansion which included the invention of innumerable machines and the application； largely made possible by immigration； of millions of laborershad changed rapidly； and had brought pressingly to the front novel and gigantic industrial and financial problems。 In the solution of these problems Justice and Equality must not only be regarded； but must play the determining part。 Now； Justice and Equality were beautiful abstractions which could be praised by every demagogue without laying upon him any obligation except that of dulcet lip service。 Every American； young or old； had heard them lauded so unlimitedly that he did not trouble himself to inquire whether they were facts or not； they were words； sonorous and pleasing words； which made his heart throb； and himself feel a worthier creature。 And then came along a young zealot； mighty in physical vigor and moral energy； who believed that Justice and Equality were not mere abstractions； were not mere words for politicians and parsons to thrill their audiences by； but were realities； duties； which every man in a Democracy was bound to revere and to make prevail。 And he urged them with such power of persuasion； such tirelessness； such titanic zeal； that he not only converted the masses of the people to believe in them； too； but he also made the legislators of the country understand that they must embody these principles in the national statute book。 He did not originate； as I have said； all or most of the reforms； but he gave ear to those who first suggested them； and his enthusiasm and support were essential to their adoption。 In order to measure the magnitude of Roosevelt's contribution in marking deeply the main principles which should govern the New Age； we need only remember how little his predecessor； President McKinley； a good man with the best intentions； either realized that the New Age was at hand； or thought it necessary even to outline the principles which should guide it； and how little his successor； President Taft； a most amiable man； understood that the New Age； with the Rooseveltian reforms； had come to stay； and could not be swept back by actively opposing it or by allowing the Rooseveltian ideals to lapse。
CHAPTER XVII。 ROOSEVELT AT HOME
Although Theodore Roosevelt was personally known to more people of the United States than any other President has been； and his manners and quick responsive cordiality made multitudes feel； after a brief sight of him； or after shaking his hand； that they were old acquaintances； he maintained during his life a dignified reticence regarding his home and family。 But now that he is dead and the world craves eagerly； but not irreverently； to know as much as it can about his many sides； I feel that it is not improper to say something about that intimate side which was in some respects the most characteristic of all。
Early in the eighties he bought a country place at Oyster Bay； Long Island； and on the top of a hill he built a spacious house。 There was a legend that in old times Indian Chiefs used to gather there to hold their powwows； at any rate； the name； the Sagamores' Hill； survived them； and this shortened to Sagamore Hill he gave to his home。 That part of Long Island on the north coast overlooking the Sound is very attractive； it is a country of hills and hollows； with groves of tall trees； and open fields for farming； and lawns near the house。 You look down on Oyster Bay which seems to be a small lake shut in by the curving shore at the farther end。 From the house you see the Sound and the hills of Connecticut along the horizon。
After the death of his first wife in January； 1884； Roosevelt went West to the Bad Lands of North Dakota where he lived two years at Medora； on a ranch which he owned； and there he endured the hardships and excitements of ranch life at that time； acting as cow…puncher； ranchman； deputy sheriff； or hunting big and little game； or writing books and articles。 In the autumn of 1886； however； having been urged to run as candidate for Mayor of New York City； he came East again。 He made a vigorous campaign； but having two opponents against him he was beaten。 Then he took a trip to Europe where he married Miss Edith Kermit Carow； whom he had known in New York since childhood； and on their return to this country； they settled at Sagamore Hill。 Two years later； when President Harrison appointed Roosevelt a Civil Service Commissioner； they moved to Washington。 There they lived in a rather small house at 1720 Jefferson Place〃modest；〃 one might call it； in comparison with the modern palaces which had begun to spring up in the National Capital； but people go to a house for the sake of its occupants and not for its size and upholstery。
So for almost six years pretty nearly everybody worth knowing crossed the Roosevelts' threshold； and they themselves quickly took their place in Washington society。 Roosevelt's humor； his charm； his intensity； his approachableness； attracted even those who rejected his politics and his party。 Bright sayings cannot be stifled； and his added to the gayety of more than one group。 He was too discreet to give utterance to them all； but his private letters at that time； and always； glistened with his remarks on public characters。 He said； for instance； of Senator X； whom he knew in Washington： He 〃looks like Judas； but unlike that gentleman； he has no capacity for remorse。〃
When the Roosevelts returned to New York； where he became Police Commissioner in 1895； they made their home again at Oyster Bay。 This was thirty miles by rail from the city； near enough to be easily accessible； but far enough away to deter the visits of random； curious； undesired callers。 Later； when automobiles came in； Roosevelt motored to and from town。 Mrs。 Roosevelt looked after the place itself； she supervised the farming； and the flower gardens were her especial care。 The children were now growing up； and from the time when they could toddle they took their placea very