esent the voters of the Republican Party。 It represents nothing but successful fraud in overriding the will of the rank and file of the party。 Any man nominated by the Convention as now constituted would be merely the beneficiary of this successful fraud； it would be deeply discreditable to any man to accept the Convention's nomination under these circumstances； and any man thus accepting it would have no claim to the support of any Republican on party grounds； and would have forfeited the right to ask the support of any honest man of any party on moral grounds。'
Mr。 Allen concluded with these words of his own：
'We do not bolt。 We merely insist that you； not we； are making the record。 And we refuse to be bound by it。 We have pleaded with you ten days。 We have fought with you five days for a square deal。 We fight no more； we plead no longer。 We shall sit in protest and the people who sent us here shall judge us。
'Gentlemen； you accuse us of being radical。 Let me tell you that no radical in the ranks of radicalism ever did so radical a thing as to come to a National Convention of the great Republican Party and secure through fraud the nomination of a man whom they knew could not be elected。'*
* Fifteenth Republican National Convention （New York； 1912）； 333； 335。
Every night during that momentous week the Roosevelt delegates met in the Congress Hotel； talked over the day's proceedings； gave vent to their indignation； confirmed each other's resolution； and took a decision as to their future action。 The powerful Hiram Johnson； Governor of California； led them； and through his eloquence he persuaded all but 107 of them to stand by Roosevelt whether he were nominated by the Convention or not。
And this they did。 For when the vote for the nomination was taken at the Convention only 107 of the Roosevelt men cast their ballots。 They favored Roosevelt； but they were not prepared to quit the Republican Party。 During the roll…call the Roosevelt delegates from Massachusetts refused to vote。 Thereupon； Mr。 Root； the Chairman； ruled that they must vote； to which Frederick Fosdick replied； when his name was read again； 〃Present； and not voting。 I defy the Convention to make me vote for any man〃； and seventeen other Roosevelt delegates refrained。 Mr。 Root then called up the alternates of these abstainers and three of them recorded their votes for Taft； but there was such a demonstration against this ruling that Mr。 Root thought better of it and proceeded in it no farther。 Many of his Republican associates at the time thought this action high…handed and unjustified； and many more agree in this opinion today。
Except for this grave error； Mr。 Root's rulings were strictly according to the precedents and directions of the Republican National Committee； and we may believe that even he saw the sardonic humor of his unvarying application of them at the expense of the Rooseveltians。 Before the first day's session was over； the process was popularly called the 〃steam roller。〃 Late in the week； a delegate rose to a point of order； and on being recognized by the Chairman； he shouted that he wished to call the attention of the Chairman to the fact that the steam roller was exceeding its speed limit； at which Mr。 Root replied； 〃The Chairman rules that the gentleman's point of order is well taken。〃 And everybody laughed。 There was one dramatic moment which； as Dean Lewis remarks； has had no counterpart in a National Convention。 When the Machine had succeeded； in spite of protests and evidence； in stealing the two delegates from California； the friends of Mr。 Taft gave triumphant cheers。 Then the Roosevelt men rose up as one man and sent forth a mighty cheer which astonished their opponents。 It was a cheer in which were mingled indignation and scorn； and； above all； relief。 Strictly interpreted； it meant that those men who had sat for four days and seen their wishes thwarted； by what they regarded as fraud； and had held on in the belief that this fraud could not continue to the end； that a sense of fairness would return and rule the Regulars； now realized that Fraud would concede nothing and that their Cause was lost。 And they felt a great load lifted。 No obligation bound them any longer to the Republican Party which had renounced honesty in its principles and fair play in its practice。 Henceforth they could go out and take any step they chose to promote their Progressive doctrines。 *
* Lewis； 363。
Shortly after the Convention adjourned； having； by these methods； nominated Mr。 Taft and James S。 Sherman for President and Vice…President； the Rooseveltians held a great meeting in Orchestra Hall。 Governor Johnson presided and apparently a majority of the Rooseveltians wished； then and there； to organize a new party and to nominate Roosevelt as its candidate。 Several men made brief but earnest addresses。 Then Roosevelt himself spoke； and although he lacked nothing of his usual vehemence； he seemed to be controlled by a sense of the solemnity of their purpose。 He told them that it was no more a question of Progressivism； which he ardently believed in； but a question of fundamental honesty and right； which everybody ought to believe in and uphold。 He advised them to go to their homes； to discuss the crisis with their friends； to gain what adherence and support they could； and to return in two months and formally organize their party and nominate their candidate for President。 And he added： 〃If you wish me to make the fight； I will make it； even if only one State should support me。 The only condition I impose is that you shall feel entirely free； when you come together； to substitute any other man in my place； if you deem it better for the movement； and in such case； I will give him my heartiest support。〃
And so the defeated majority of the Republicans at Chicago； Republicans no longer； broke up。 There were many earnest hand…shakings； many pledges to meet again in August； and to take up the great work。 Those who intended to stay by the Republican Party； not less than those who cast their lot with the Progressives； bade farewell； with deep emotion； to the Leader whom they had wished to see at the head of the Republican Party。 Chief among these was Governor Hadley； of Missouri； who at one moment； during the Convention； seemed likely to be brought forward by the Regulars as a compromise candidate。 Some of the Progressives resented his defection from them； not so Roosevelt； who said： 〃He will not be with us； but we must not blame him。〃
Six weeks later； the Progressives returned to Chicago。 Again； Roosevelt had his headquarters at the Congress Hotel。 Again； the delegates； among whom were several women； met at the Coliseum。 Crowds of enthusiastic supporters and larger crowds of curiosity… seekers swarmed into the vast building。 On Monday； August 5； the first session of the Progressive Party's Convention was held。 Senator Albert J。 Beveridge； of Indiana； made the opening address； in which he defined the principles of their party and the objects it hoped to obtain。 Throughout the proceedings there was much enthusiasm； but no battle。 It was rather the gathering of several thousand very earnest men and women bent on consecrating themselves to a new Cause； which they believed to be the paramount Cause for the political； economic； and social welfare of。 their country。 Nearly all of them were Idealists； eager to secure the victory of some special reform。 And； no doubt； an impartial observer might have detected among them traces of that 〃lunatic fringe；〃 which Roosevelt himself had long ago humorously remarked clung to the skirts of every reform。 But the whole body； judged without prejudice； probably contained the largest number of disinterested； public…spirited； and devoted persons； who had ever met for a national and political object since the group which formed the Republican Party in 1854。
The professional politician who usually preponderates in such Conventions； and； in the last； had usurped control both of the proceedings and decisions； had little place here。 The chief topic of discussion turned on the admission of negro delegates from the South。 Roosevelt believed that an attempt to create a negro Progressive Party； as such； would alienate the Southern whites and would certainly sharpen their hostility towards the blacks。 Therefore； he advised that the negro delegates ought to be approved by the White Progressives in their several districts。 In other words； the Progressive Party in the South should be a white party with such colored members as the whites found acceptable。
On Monday and Tuesday the work done in the Convention was much less important than that done by the Committee on Resolutions and by the Committee on Credentials。 On Wednesday the Convention heard and adopted the Platform and then nominated Roosevelt by acclamation。 Miss Jane Addams； of Hull House； Chicago； seconded the nomination； praising Roosevelt as 〃one of the few men in our public life who has been responsive to modern movement。〃 〃The program；〃 she said； 〃will need a leader of invincible courage； of open mind； of democratic sympathiesone endowed with power to interpret the common man； and to identify himself with the common lot。〃 Governor Hiram Johnson； from California； was nominated for Vice…President。 Over the platform； to which the candidates were escorted； hung Kipling's stanza：
〃For there is neither East nor West； Border nor breed nor birth； When two strong men stand face to face； Though they come from the ends of the earth。〃
Portraits of Washington； Jefferson； Lincoln； Jackson； and Hamilton； a sufficiently inclusive group of patriots； looked down upon them。 After Roosevelt and Johnson addressed the audience； the trombones sounded 〃Old Hundred〃 and the great meeting closed to the words
〃Praise God from whom all blessings flow。〃
The Progressive Platform contained many planks which have since been made laws by the Democratic Party； which read the signs of the times more quickly than did the Republicans。 Especially many of the suggestions relating to Labor； the improvement of the currency； the control of corporate wealth； and oversight over public hygiene； should be commended。 In general； it promised to bring the Government nearer to the people by giving the peop